Question 1

Reginald is 6 weeks old.As part of a research study,he is presented with a sensory incongruity in which he hears his mother's voice coming from his right while his mother is sitting to his left.How is Reginald likely to react to this situation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reginald is 6 weeks old.As part of...

Question 2

Despite the fact that John dislikes algebra,he studies very hard and usually does well on exams.Unfortunately,when he is asked how to do one of the problems that he had answered correctly only one week earlier,he is unable to generate the correct answer.According to Domjan's definitions of learning,what accounts for John's failure?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Despite the fact that John dislikes algebra,he...

Question 3

What would be the best slogan for Gibson's differentiation theory of perceptual learning?

Accepted Answer

Gibson's differentiation theory of perceptual learning emphasizes the importance of noticing the small details that make figures different in order to learn and differentiate them better. Therefore, the best slogan would be "Notice the small details that make figures different."

Question 4

Which statement best summarizes the findings of the cross-cultural research conducted by Lynch and his associates regarding auditory perception of musical melodies in 6-month-old American infants?

Accepted Answer

The research found that 6-month-old American infants could detect mistuned notes in both Western and Javanese melodies, indicating a universal ability to perceive discordant sounds in music at a young age.

Question 5

Which statement best summarizes the results of research studies regarding depth perception using the visual cliff apparatus?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement best summarizes the results of...

Question 6

Which statement best characterizes the results of experiments that have used the visual cliff apparatus with 6 1/2 month old infants?

Accepted Answer

Research using the visual cliff apparatus with 6 1/2 month old infants has consistently shown that approximately 90 percent of infants will cross the shallow side of the visual cliff, indicating their ability to perceive depth. However, fewer than 10 percent of infants will cross the deep side, suggesting that they possess a fear of heights or an understanding of the danger involved in such a drop. This has been observed across multiple studies and is considered a reliable finding in developmental psychology.

Question 7

Two-month-old infants show a decrease in heart rate when placed on the deep side of a visual cliff apparatus,but no change in heart rate when placed on the shallow side.What does this difference in heart rate indicate about the infant's perception of depth?

Accepted Answer

The decrease in heart rate indicates that the infants are able to detect the difference between the two sides of the visual cliff apparatus, but they do not yet have a fear of the deep side. This suggests that they have an emerging perception of depth, but have not yet fully developed a sense of danger associated with heights.

Question 8

While blindfolded,a person feels the various surfaces of an object and correctly identifies it as a file for smoothing wood.What perceptual process accounts for this ability?

Accepted Answer

Intermodal perception refers to the ability to use multiple senses to perceive and identify objects. In this scenario, the person is using their sense of touch to identify the object as a file, indicating that they are integrating information from both their sense of touch and their prior knowledge about the object's typical texture and shape.

Question 9

What developmental outcome is correlated with rapid habituation in infancy?

Accepted Answer

Research has found that rapid habituation in infancy is correlated with quicker understanding and use of language during the second year of life. This suggests that these children may have better language development overall.

Question 10

What is the earliest age that habituation to a repeated stimulus has been demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

The earliest age that habituation to a repeated stimulus has been demonstrated is prenatally. Studies have shown that fetuses can habituate to repeated sounds or vibrations from as early as 28 weeks gestation.

Question 11

What is the term for recognizing information through one sensory system that is usually received via a different modality?

Accepted Answer

The term for recognizing information through one sensory system that is usually received via a different modality is intermodal perception. The other options are not related to this concept.

Question 12

Suppose that you studied very hard for a test and you score 100 percent.However,a few days later you are unable to answer questions about the same material.Which statement best accounts for this phenomenon,according to Domjan's criteria for learning?

Accepted Answer

Learning, according to Domjan's criteria, is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. If you are unable to answer questions about the material a few days later, it suggests that the change in behavior (being able to answer the questions correctly) was only temporary and not a result of true learning.

Question 13

If you were to compare the number of presentations of a stimulus before habituation occurred for a 1-month-old and a 12-month-old,what would you expect to find?

Accepted Answer

The younger child would typically require many more presentations of a stimulus before habituation occurs compared to an older infant. This is because as children age, their cognitive and neural mechanisms become more efficient, allowing them to habituate to repeated stimuli more quickly.

Question 14

Suppose that you are searching through your book bag to make sure that you brought your flash drive with you as you walk across campus to the computer lab.You do not stop to look in your bag but rather find it by patting the pocket where you always place it.Which perceptual process allows you to accomplish this task?

Accepted Answer

Intermodal perception allows you to coordinate information from different sensory modalities, in this case, touch and spatial memory, to locate your flash drive without visually searching through your bag. Object literacy (A) refers to the ability to recognize and name objects, imagined optic flow (C) is the perception of visual motion in the absence of physical movement, and horoptical perception (D) refers to the process of fusing visual information from both eyes to create a single image.

Question 15

Which statement best summarizes the nativist and empiricist views of the development of intermodal perception?

Accepted Answer

Nativists believe that infants are born with innate ability to organize sensory information, while empiricists believe that perceptual abilities are learned through experience. Differentiation theory suggests that infants perceive separate modalities before integrating them, while enrichment theory argues that perceptual abilities emerge through exposing infants to rich and varied sensory experiences. Nativists would be more likely to agree with differentiation theory, as they believe in innate abilities, while empiricists would be more likely to agree with enrichment theory, as they believe in learning through experience. Therefore, choice C best summarizes the differences between the two views.

Question 16

As our perceptual processes mature,we lose the ability to detect sensory information that has little cultural relevance.Based upon current research in perceptual development,what is this change thought to be due to?

Accepted Answer

The answer of As our perceptual processes mature,we lose the...

Question 17

Which statement best characterizes the research findings regarding the growth of perceptual abilities?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement best characterizes the research findings...

Question 18

Which statement best characterizes the different emphases of the various models of perceptual development as presented in the textbook?

Accepted Answer

The various models of perceptual development discussed in the textbook differ in the emphasis they place on the role of the environment. While some models (such as the ecological approach) consider the environment to be a critical factor in shaping perception, others (such as the nativist approach) assign more importance to innate factors. Therefore, the best statement about the different models is that they "vary in the importance attributed to the role of the environment in perceptual development."

Question 19

Which statement best summarizes the findings of Gibson's research on the ability to differentiate letters and children's reading ability?

Accepted Answer

Gibson's research found that starting reading instruction at age 6 coincides with the time when most children show readiness to read. Therefore, choice C is the correct statement that summarizes his findings. The other choices are not supported by Gibson's research.

Question 20

A change in behaviour that is attributable to one's environment and is relatively permanent meets Domjan's definition of which of the following developmental processes?

Accepted Answer

A change in behaviour that is attributable to one's environment and is relatively permanent is a hallmark of learning.

Quiz 7: Early Cognitive Foundations