Question 1

Several studies have shown that individuals tend to judge girls as being less competent than boys in areas such as mathematics.During which of the following developmental phases does this judgment typically begin?

Accepted Answer

According to research, the gender stereotype that girls are less competent in math usually begins to develop by the preschool and early elementary years. By this age, children are already aware of gender differences and have internalized societal and cultural beliefs about gender and ability.

Question 2

What do psychologists mean when they state that males and females differ on a particular trait?

Accepted Answer

When psychologists state that males and females differ on a particular trait, they typically mean that the average male differs from the average female on that trait. It is not accurate to say that all males differ from all females or that only a few individuals of each gender differ on the trait. While there may be some variation within genders, the focus is on the average differences between male and female groups. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 3

According to research evidence,which of the following characteristics would 3- to 5-year-old children typically use to distinguish men and women?

Accepted Answer

Children aged 3 to 5 often use visible, external cues such as clothing and hairstyle to distinguish between men and women, as these are more noticeable and understandable to them at their developmental stage.

Question 4

Bob is just starting his first permanent job as a math teacher for a split Grade 5/Grade 6 class.If Bob's attitude toward sex differences in performance reflects that of the average teacher,what performance will he expect of the boys and girls in his class?

Accepted Answer

The average teacher tends to have a stereotype that boys have greater ability in math and that girls have to work harder to achieve the same level of performance. This stereotype has been shown to be without merit, but it is still prevalent among many teachers. Therefore, if Bob's attitude is reflective of the average teacher, he will likely expect the boys to have greater ability and the girls to work harder to achieve the same level of performance.

Question 5

At about what age do children first understand that gender identity is an unchanging attribute?

Accepted Answer

Children typically understand that gender identity is stable around the age of 5 years. This is when they start to grasp the concept that one's gender identity does not change over time, even though external appearances or roles might.

Question 6

Which sex is less physically vulnerable to injury,disability,or disease during development?

Accepted Answer

Females are generally less physically vulnerable to injury, disability, or disease during development due to biological and genetic factors, including the presence of two X chromosomes, which can provide a protective effect against certain genetic conditions.

Question 7

Based on current research findings regarding the evaluation of accomplishments of males and females,which of the following conclusions has received the most support?

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that both males and females are likely to undervalue the accomplishments of females, which is known as the gender bias effect. This bias is evident across various domains, including academia, athletics, and the workplace.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the typical understanding of gender exhibited by children who are 2 1/2 to 3 years of age?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best describes the...

Question 9

According to most developmentalists,what is the major caveat regarding the interpretation of the research findings of sex differences in behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The major caveat regarding the interpretation of the research findings of sex differences in behavior is that the data are indicative of group differences and not how an individual may behave. It is important to recognize that there is overlap between sexes and individuals may vary in their behavior regardless of their sex. Therefore, it is crucial to avoid making assumptions about an individual's behavior based solely on their sex.

Question 10

When do children first begin to show some awareness of gender-role stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

Children typically begin to show awareness of gender-role stereotypes around the time they can accurately label themselves as either a boy or a girl, which is usually around 2-3 years of age. At this point, they start to notice and internalize societal expectations and attitudes towards gender roles.

Question 11

Kelsey is an elementary teacher who likes to use anecdotes in her lessons.If she wants to help her students to understand the research data regarding sex differences in academics,what should Kelsey incorporate into her story?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kelsey is an elementary teacher who likes...

Question 12

Based on current research findings,when do children begin to demonstrate knowledge of gender-role stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that children begin to demonstrate knowledge of gender-role stereotypes between 2 1/2 and 3 1/2 years of age, as they start to categorize people and objects based on gender. However, these stereotypes can continue to develop and become more rigid throughout childhood and into adulthood.

Question 13

Which of the following statements best summarizes the research evidence regarding the magnitude of sex differences?

Accepted Answer

The available research evidence suggests that sex differences are typically quite small, and the abilities of males and females usually overlap. While there may be some small differences in specific areas such as math and verbal abilities, overall there is no evidence to support the notion that sex differences are substantial or account for a large portion of individual variation in children's abilities.

Question 14

High levels of which traits have been found more often in boys than in girls?

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently found that boys tend to be more active than girls.

Question 15

Darnell proudly tells you that he is a "big boy." When you show him a dress and ask him if he would like to try it on,however,he becomes upset and tells you: "No! I don't want to be a girl; I want to stay a boy." Based on Darnell's response,approximately how old is he?

Accepted Answer

At around 3 years old, children start to develop a stronger sense of gender identity and may resist activities, clothing, or toys that do not align with their perceived gender. This is a normal stage of development and does not necessarily indicate anything about the child's future gender identity.

Question 16

Which of the following attributes characterizes children who perform well on general tasks that require the labelling of stimuli as male or female?

Accepted Answer

Children who perform well on tasks requiring the labeling of stimuli as male or female typically know more about gender-role stereotypes. This knowledge allows them to categorize and label the stimuli accurately according to societal norms and expectations regarding gender.

Question 17

Why do false stereotypes about gender persist despite contrary evidence?

Accepted Answer

False stereotypes about gender persist because they organize and distort information in memory. This can lead to confirmation bias, where individuals seek out information that confirms their beliefs and ignore evidence to the contrary. Additionally, socialization and cultural norms can reinforce these stereotypes, further perpetuating their persistence.

Question 18

Evelyn has decided to become a lawyer.If her experience is consistent with societal trends,what can she expect of her experience if she is accepted into law school?

Accepted Answer

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of women attending and graduating from law school. While women may not yet make up the majority of law students, they are now a significant and growing presence in law schools. Therefore, it is likely that Evelyn will be one of many women in her class.

Question 19

Six-year-old Sam is visiting his friend Lily's house for dinner.They are greeted at the door by her father and he tells them that dinner is almost ready.Lily's mother arrives home from work a few minutes later and helps the children set the table.Later that night when Sam's mother asks him about his evening,he incorrectly reports that Lily's mother cooked the meal.Are such distortions of gendered recall common?

Accepted Answer

According to research on gendered recall, children often make recall errors when the situation is inconsistent with their expectations. Children have certain expectations and schemas about gender roles and behaviors, and when those expectations are violated, their recall of events may be distorted. In this case, Sam may have assumed that the mother cooked the meal because he has a schema that women are usually responsible for cooking. Therefore, choice C is the best answer. Choices A and B are incorrect because the research on gendered recall suggests that children do not always recall events accurately, even when those events deviate from their expectations. Choice D is also incorrect because 6-year-olds do have schemas for gender-appropriate behaviors, even if those schemas may sometimes lead to recall errors.

Question 20

Which of the following observations regarding sex differences has received the most support from research evidence?

Accepted Answer

The observation that boys take more risks than girls has received the most support from research evidence. This difference in risk-taking behavior has been observed across a wide range of domains, including physical activities, drug and alcohol use, and driving behaviors, and is thought to be influenced by a complex interplay of biological, social, and cultural factors. However, it is important to note that individual differences within genders are often greater than differences between genders, and stereotypes should not be applied to individuals based solely on their gender.

Quiz 14: Sex Differences and Similarities,gender-Role Development,and Sexual Behavior