Question 1

Sequential lineups in which one photo at a time is shown to the witness can reduce the occurrence of

Accepted Answer

Sequential lineups can reduce false positives, which occur when a witness identifies an innocent person as the culprit. Showing one photo at a time allows the witness to focus on each individual without the distraction of seeing multiple faces simultaneously, leading to a more accurate identification. Proactive interference, the interference of old memories with the formation of new ones, serial position effect, the tendency to remember earlier items in a list more easily than later ones, and memory consolidation, the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories, are not directly impacted by using sequential lineups.

Question 2

Instances have occurred in which witnesses described a criminal as black, tall, or young; then the lineup was held in which a suspect was the only African American among whites, the only tall suspect, or the only young person.Having situations like this would produce

Accepted Answer

This situation would likely result in false positives, where the witness mistakenly identifies the suspect as the perpetrator simply because they share a physical characteristic described by the witness. This is a common issue with lineup procedures, and can lead to wrongful convictions.

Question 3

In a classic experiment, a psychologist read a short passage in Greek to his son every day when the boy was between 15 months and 3 years of age.At age 8, he was asked to recall the passage, to recognize the passage, and later to memorize the original quotations and others of equal difficulty.The results of the experiment showed that the boy was

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a classic experiment, a psychologist read...

Question 4

Nicky is taking a multiple choice test in which the distractors for every item are very similar to the correct answers for these items.Nicky will most likely experience

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nicky is taking a multiple choice test...

Question 5

In relearning, the amount remembered is measured by the

Accepted Answer

The savings score is the amount of time saved in relearning material after it has been previously learned and then forgotten. It is considered the most accurate measure of how much was remembered after forgetting, as it takes into account the initial learning time as well as the relearning time. The other options provided do not account for the accuracy of the amount remembered.

Question 6

When conducting a police line-up, it is best to have all the distractors look like the person witnesses described and also to warn the witnesses that the suspect may not be present in the line-up.These steps will reduce the occurrence of

Accepted Answer

By having all the distractors look like the person witnesses described, it reduces the likelihood of witnesses falsely identifying someone who looks completely different from the suspect. Warning witnesses that the suspect may not be present in the line-up also reduces the chance of false identification and therefore reduces false positive results. Proactive interference refers to old memories interfering with the recall of new information, which is not relevant to police line-ups. The serial position effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle, which is also not relevant. Memory consolidation is the process of strengthening newly acquired memories, which is not directly relevant to police line-ups.

Question 7

Cory is a new teacher and has had very little experience writing multiple choice questions.So, on a question asking for the "father of psychology," he listed Wilhelm Wundt and three women psychologists as the possible responses.This type of question would most likely produce

Accepted Answer

The question is flawed because it lists three options that are clearly not the answer, which could lead to a false positive - a student choosing one of the incorrect options as the correct answer due to confusion or lack of knowledge.

Question 8

You are asked to learn the information presented in a psychology Chapter , and you study for four hours.Then three months later, you are asked to study the same Chapter information, and you finish your study in only two hours.In this case, your memory of having learned this information three months ago is shown through

Accepted Answer

Relearning refers to the process of learning something that has been learned before. In this case, the fact that the individual was able to learn the same chapter information in a shorter time period (two hours instead of four) indicates that they had previously learned the material and were able to relearn it more quickly. Recognition and recall refer to identifying or retrieving information from memory, but do not necessarily indicate that the information was previously learned. Redintegration is not a valid term in psychology.

Question 9

On a multiple choice test, if only one choice looks like it could be correct among the other dissimilar distractors,

Accepted Answer

This is known as the "isolation effect" or "von Restorff effect", where an item that stands out from its surroundings is more likely to be remembered or recognized. In this case, the one choice that looks different from the rest may give a false sense of recognition, even if it is not necessarily correct.

Question 10

In which method of measuring memory is a savings score used to demonstrate the retention of information?

Accepted Answer

The savings score method is used in relearning to measure the retention of information. It involves comparing the time or number of trials required to learn information initially to the time or number of trials required to relearn the same information at a later point in time. The savings score is the amount of time or number of trials saved during relearning compared to the initial learning.

Question 11

The occurrence of false positives during police lineups can be minimized by all of the following techniques EXCEPT for

Accepted Answer

Using very dissimilar distractors can actually increase the risk of false positives because it makes the suspect stand out more, potentially leading witnesses to choose them even if they are not sure. The other options are methods aimed at reducing false positives.

Question 12

In an experiment, it takes you one hour to memorize all the terms on a list.Two years later you relearn them in 45 minutes.The time difference of 15 minutes, or 25 percent (15 divided by 60 times 100), is called the

Accepted Answer

The time difference between the initial learning and relearning is called the savings score. Option A (recognition score) is not a term used in the context of this experiment. Option B (curve of forgetting) refers to the concept of how information is lost over time if it is not rehearsed or reviewed. Option C (redintegration score) is not a term used in the context of this experiment either.

Question 13

You are taking a psychology course on-line.It takes you two hours to successfully pass the section on classical conditioning concepts.However, you have to withdraw from the class due to work responsibilities.The next semester, you take the psychology course on-line again, but this time it only takes one hour to go through the section on classical conditioning.This one-hour difference, or 50 percent retention, is referred to as the ___________ score.

Accepted Answer

The one-hour difference, or 50 percent retention, is referred to as the savings score. The savings score is a measure of how much time and effort is saved in relearning previously learned material, which is a key aspect of measuring retention in psychology. Choice A (recognition) refers to the ability to correctly identify previously learned information. Choice B (proactive retention) refers to the ability to retain information over a period of time, without rehearsal or reinforcement. Choice C (redintegration) refers to the process of filling in gaps in memory with previously learned information.

Question 14

Tests of memory based upon relearning use which of the following to demonstrate the retention of what was previously learned?

Accepted Answer

Tests of memory based upon relearning use savings score to demonstrate the retention of what was previously learned, which measures the amount of time and/or trials saved in relearning compared to the initial learning. Recognition score is a measure of identifying previously learned material among a list or group of stimuli, while the curve of forgetting refers to the rate at which information is forgotten over time. Redintegration score is not a commonly used term in memory research.

Question 15

Geraldine witnesses a robbery in the parking lot at her college.At the police station, she is shown one photo at a time of possible suspects and is asked if this is the person she saw.Geraldine is undergoing a

Accepted Answer

Geraldine is undergoing a sequential lineup, which involves showing one photo at a time of possible suspects. This method is considered more accurate than simultaneous lineups, where all the photos are shown at once, because it reduces the likelihood of false identifications due to the "relative-judgment" effect.

Question 16

Ricky is taking a multiple choice test in which the distractors for every item are very dissimilar to the correct answers for these items.Ricky will most likely experience

Accepted Answer

False positives occur when a person incorrectly identifies a distractor as the correct answer, which is more likely when distractors are very dissimilar to the correct answer, leading to confusion.

Question 17

In a classic experiment, a psychologist read a short passage in Greek to his son every day when the boy was between 15 months and 3 years of age.At age 8, he was asked to recall the passage, to recognize the passage, and later to memorize the original quotations and others of equal difficulty.Which of the following was the most sensitive measure of memory in this study?

Accepted Answer

The most sensitive measure of memory in this study would be relearning, as it would test the long-term retention and ability to learn again the information that was originally presented. Recall and recognition are also important measures of memory, but relearning would be the most comprehensive and accurate way to assess the subject's memory ability. Redintegration refers to combining separate memory elements into a unified whole, and is not directly related to the measures used in this study.

Question 18

Regarding the sensitivity of the various measures of memory, the correct order from most sensitive memory measure to the least sensitive is

Accepted Answer

Relearning is the most sensitive measure of memory as it assesses how quickly an individual can learn something they have previously learned but forgotten. Recognition is the second most sensitive measure as it requires the individual to identify information that they have previously encountered. Recall is the least sensitive measure as it requires the individual to retrieve information from memory without any cues or prompts.

Question 19

A good reason for studying a wide range of subjects in high school and in college is the time and effort you will save because you will be able to do which of the following more quickly later on when you need this information?

Accepted Answer

Studying a wide range of subjects helps in relearning material more quickly later on because the foundational knowledge has already been established, making it easier to build upon.

Question 20

Which of the following is the most sensitive test of memory?

Accepted Answer

Relearning is considered the most sensitive test of memory because it measures the amount of time saved when learning information for the second time, indicating how well the information was retained from the first learning session. This method, also known as the method of savings, can detect even small amounts of retained memory, making it highly sensitive to the presence of previously learned material.

Quiz 7: Memory.