Question 1

Which of the following refers to maintaining good morale, labor relations, employee satisfaction, and similar aspects of work behavior?

Accepted Answer

Psychological efficiency refers to maintaining good morale, labor relations, employee satisfaction, and similar aspects of work behavior, focusing on the psychological aspects that contribute to an efficient and positive work environment.

Question 2

To increase psychological efficiency, a business manager would be well advised to apply the concepts of

Accepted Answer

Theory Y leadership emphasizes the importance of empowering employees and creating a supportive work environment. This can lead to higher levels of motivation, job satisfaction, and productivity, all of which contribute to increased psychological efficiency. Task analysis and time-and-motion studies (B) and scientific management (D) may improve efficiency in terms of operations and production, but may not necessarily address the psychological aspect of employee productivity. Theory X leadership (A) assumes that employees are naturally lazy and need to be coerced or threatened to work effectively, which is not conducive to creating a positive work environment that promotes psychological efficiency.

Question 3

Which type of leader has a person orientation rather than a task orientation and tends to assume that workers enjoy autonomy and are willing to accept responsibility?

Accepted Answer

Theory Y leaders have a person-oriented approach and believe that employees can be self-motivated and take ownership of their work. They trust employees to handle responsibilities and enjoy autonomy.

Question 4

Which of the following coined the term Theory X as a way to distinguish the leadership style associated with scientific management from Theory Y, a newer approach, which emphasizes human relations at work?

Accepted Answer

Douglas McGregor coined the terms Theory X and Theory Y in his book "The Human Side of Enterprise" in 1960.

Question 5

Assumptions made by Theory X leaders include which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Time-and-motion studies and job specialization are methods associated with Theory X management, which assumes that employees are unmotivated and need to be closely supervised in order to increase productivity.

Note: B and C are associated with Theory Y management which assumes that employees are inherently motivated and can be trusted to manage themselves given the right conditions. D is therefore incorrect as it includes both X and Y assumptions.

Question 6

A shortcoming of the Theory X leadership approach seems to be its failure to consider

Accepted Answer

The Theory X leadership approach focuses on a belief that employees are inherently lazy, need to be closely supervised, and require punishment to achieve their goals. However, it fails to consider the psychological efficiency of employees and how their motivation and job satisfaction impact their overall performance. This oversight can lead to a disengaged workforce and lower productivity.

Question 7

Work efficiency is to psychological efficiency as

Accepted Answer

The answer of Work efficiency is to psychological efficiency as
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Question 8

A company that applies Theory Y leadership style is likely to use all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Theory Y leadership style emphasizes on the involvement of employees in decision making and giving them a sense of autonomy and responsibility. However, it does not particularly focus on using bonuses and job specialization to increase worker efficiency. This is more aligned with Theory X leadership style, which assumes that employees are inherently lazy and need to be controlled and motivated through extrinsic rewards.

Question 9

Ian is a manager of a local company.He holds departmental meetings daily in order to get input from the employees about ways to improve quality and safety.Ian often works alongside his employees and eats with them at lunch.All employees work as a team to produce the best product possible.Ian's management style would be classified as __________ leadership.

Accepted Answer

Ian's management style is focused on involving and empowering his employees, seeking input and collaboration, and promoting teamwork to produce the best outcome possible. This aligns with the principles of Theory Y leadership, which assumes that employees are self-motivated and can be trusted to work well when given autonomy and opportunities for personal and professional growth.

Question 10

Task orientation is to person orientation as

Accepted Answer

Task orientation and Theory X leadership are both focused on the task and getting it done efficiently, while person orientation and Theory Y leadership are focused on developing and supporting employees, leading to increased job satisfaction. Therefore, the most appropriate comparison is between Task orientation and Theory X leadership, and between Person orientation and Theory Y leadership.

Question 11

As a manager, you believe that a happy worker is a productive worker, so you try to maintain good morale and labor relations.You are most concerned with

Accepted Answer

The manager's focus on maintaining good morale and labor relations indicates a concern for psychological efficiency, which relates to the emotional and psychological well-being of employees and their motivation to work effectively. This is in contrast to work efficiency, which primarily focuses on maximizing output and minimizing costs, or scientific management and time-and-motion studies, which emphasize standardization and precise measurement of work processes.

Question 12

An employer who lets employees make as many decisions as possible about what they do with their time probably believes in

Accepted Answer

Theory Y leadership believes that employees are self-motivated, responsible, and can make decisions on their own. This leadership style encourages employee participation and involvement in decision-making. Therefore, an employer who lets employees make as many decisions as possible about what they do with their time probably believes in Theory Y leadership.

Question 13

Which type of leader assumes people are industrious, creative, and rewarded by challenging work and that workers' needs and goals can be meshed with the company's goals?

Accepted Answer

The type of leader described in the question assumes the principles of Theory Y, which is focused on the assumption that employees are responsible, creative, and self-motivated individuals. This type of leader believes that workers' goals can be meshed with those of the organization, and that they can be rewarded by challenging work. Therefore, the best choice is Theory Y (option D).

Question 14

Studies have consistently found that

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently found that happy workers are more productive, so psychological efficiency is important. While work efficiency is also important, it cannot be prioritized over the well-being of workers. There is no evidence to suggest that emphasizing psychological efficiency has led to decreased production. Scientific management may not necessarily lead to the happiest and most productive workers, as it can also lead to worker alienation and dissatisfaction.

Question 15

Which of the following is typical of Theory Y leadership?

Accepted Answer

Theory Y leadership emphasizes worker autonomy and self-direction, believing that employees are motivated by more than just monetary rewards and can enjoy work and find fulfillment in it. The other choices (B, C, and D) are more characteristic of Theory X leadership, which assumes that employees are inherently lazy and need constant supervision and direction.

Question 16

Which is an assumption made by Theory Y leaders?

Accepted Answer

Theory Y assumptions hold that people are self-motivated and take pride in their work. As a result, Theory Y leaders empower their subordinates to take ownership of their work and give them the freedom to make decisions. This motivates workers and enhances their creativity, leading to better productivity. Option A, C, and D are all assumptions of Theory X management style, where workers are seen as inherently lazy and would not work unless forced.

Question 17

A company that focuses on psychological efficiency is LEAST likely to do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Using bonuses and time schedules to motivate workers is more about external motivation and less about psychological efficiency, which often involves intrinsic motivation and well-being.

Question 18

William has turned to his employees and given them more control and decision-making ability to affect change in the company and to come up with solutions to deal with the current economic downturn.William is more concerned with

Accepted Answer

William is focusing on psychological efficiency by empowering employees, which can improve motivation and morale, leading to better performance and adaptability during economic challenges.

Question 19

Theory X leadership is to work efficiency as Theory Y leadership is to

Accepted Answer

Theory X leadership emphasizes on control and coercion, which can result in efficiency in the short term, but can lead to low morale and burnout among employees. On the other hand, Theory Y leadership focuses on empowering and developing employees, which can lead to long-term psychological efficiency, higher job satisfaction, and improved organizational performance.

Question 20

Armando, who is a software engineer, has been working long hours trying to develop a new way to more quickly predict hurricane activity for a satellite weather system.Armando quit his last job because the leadership of that company made him feel like he was "punching the clock." At his new company, the chief executive officer, who happens to be a woman, believes that people are industrious, creative, and rewarded by challenging work.Regarding Armando's current and previous job situations, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Armando has moved from a job with a Theory X leader (one who believes people need to be closely managed and motivated with rewards and punishments) to a career with a Theory Y leader (one who believes that people are self-motivated and can be trusted to do challenging work).  Option A and B are incorrect because there is no indication that time-and-motion studies or scientific management principles are being used in Armando's new job. Option C is unlikely to be true given that Armando quit his previous job due to feeling that he was merely "punching the clock" and not being challenged enough.

Quiz 18: Applied Psychology.