Question 1

The 1895 publication of the book entitled Studies on Hysteria,which was written by Joseph Breuer and Sigmund Freud, is the event that is considered the beginning of psychoanalysis.

Accepted Answer

This is a widely accepted fact among scholars and historians of psychology. The book Studies on Hysteria is considered a foundational work in psychoanalytic theory and practice, and its publication is often cited as the starting point of psychoanalysis as a distinct field of study.

Question 2

"Possible selves" refers to:

Accepted Answer

Possible selves refer to the various images, ideas, and expectations that individuals have about themselves and who they might become in the future. These possible selves may reflect hopes or aspirations, fears or anxieties, or expectations based on past experiences or feedback from others. Possible selves can serve as powerful motivators, shaping individuals' goals and behaviors as they strive to attain the self-images they have envisioned for themselves.

Question 3

Freud believed the id, ego, and superego are the basic structures of personality.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the id (the primitive, instinctual part of personality), ego (the rational, decision-making part of personality), and superego (the moralistic, societal part of personality) are the basic structures of personality.

Question 4

Before reading this question, you were not thinking about the name of the first president of the United States. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, the name was stored at the preconscious level of awareness. However, once the name is brought to mind, it is at the conscious level of awareness.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of personality, information that is stored at the preconscious level can be easily brought to the conscious level through minimal effort or external stimuli, which is what happened in this scenario. So once the name of the first president of the United States is brought to mind, it is at the conscious level of awareness.

Question 5

A self-report test designed to assess personality types rather than personality traits is called:

Accepted Answer

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is specifically designed to assess personality types, as it classifies individuals into one of sixteen possible personality types based on their preferences for different ways of perceiving and judging information. The other options listed are all tests that focus on assessing specific traits or characteristics of an individual's personality, rather than categorizing them into a specific type.

Question 6

According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, repressed feelings, wishes, and drives are contained in the preconscious.

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of psychoanalysis posits that repressed feelings, wishes, and drives are contained in the unconscious, not the preconscious. The preconscious contains thoughts and feelings that are not currently in conscious awareness but can be easily brought to consciousness.

Question 7

Personality theories can generally be grouped under four main perspectives: psychoanalytic, humanistic, social-cognitive, and trait theories.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Personality theories can indeed be categorized into these four main perspectives.

Question 8

Shelly was assessed at a career counseling service using a self-report test that determined her personality type was introverted, sensing, feeling, and perceiving (ISFP). Shelly has been given the:

Accepted Answer

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a commonly used self-report test that assesses an individual's personality type based on four dimensions: extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. The ISFP type that Shelly was given stands for Introverted-Sensing-Feeling-Perceiving, which is one of the 16 possible personality types identified by the MBTI. Therefore, C is the correct answer.

Question 9

Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis, which is a personality theory that stressed the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the importance of early childhood experiences.

Accepted Answer

This is a correct statement about Sigmund Freud and his contributions to the field of psychology.

Question 10

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is:

Accepted Answer

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a self-report inventory based on Carl Jung's personality theory and his idea that people could be categorized into discrete personality types. It assesses four dimensions of personality (extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving) to generate a personality type that is expressed with a combination of four letters (e.g., ESTJ, INFP).

Question 11

Even before she enrolled in college, Diana's dream was to become a veterinarian. She is taking several college classes required to apply to a veterinary school. Diana's possible selves are likely to have a positive effect on:

Accepted Answer

Diana's possible selves, or the versions of herself she hopes to become, will likely increase her motivation and beliefs in her ability to succeed (self-efficacy) in college. This is because she has a clear goal in mind and is actively working towards it, which can help her stay focused and motivated in her classes. It is unlikely to directly affect her surface or source traits, as those are more innate aspects of her personality, and her dreams and fantasies are not mentioned as being particularly related to her career aspirations.

Question 12

Teena was given a widely used personality test called the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This test differs for mother self-report inventories, such as the MMPI, CPI, and16PF, in that:

Accepted Answer

The MBTI is designed to measure personality types rather than traits and is often criticized for its validity and reliability issues.

Question 13

Early in his career, Freud collaborated with a physician named Joseph Breuer, who introduced Freud to the use of hypnosis to treat people with psychological symptoms.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Freud did collaborate with Joseph Breuer early in his career, and hypnosis played a significant role in their treatment of patients.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a strength of the self-report inventories discussed in your textbook?

Accepted Answer

The self-report inventories discussed in the textbook, such as the MMPI, CPI, and 16PF, are not designed to provide qualitative information about unconscious motives, conflicts, and feelings. Rather, they primarily measure observable and self-reported traits and behaviors. The other options all describe strengths of these inventories, such as their objective and consistent scoring, ability to predict future behavior, and established reliability and validity.

Question 15

Jose is a ninth-grader who dreams of becoming a major-league baseball player. Because of his _____, Jose will probably practice longer and harder than the other players onhis high school softball team.

Accepted Answer

Jose's "possible self" refers to his aspirations and dreams of becoming a major-league baseball player, which motivates him to practice longer and harder.

Question 16

Dr. Klein frequently uses the _____ in her clinical practice to generate personality profiles on sixteen dimensions of personality, especially when she is counseling maritalpartners.

Accepted Answer

The 16PF (16 Personality Factors) is a personality assessment tool that measures personality on 16 dimensions. It is commonly used in clinical practice and can be particularly helpful in counseling marital partners. The other options, CPI (California Psychological Inventory), MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), and MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator), focus on different aspects of personality and are not as commonly used in clinical practice for generating personality profiles on multiple dimensions.

Question 17

Most personality theories focus on very limited aspects of human behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Most personality theories focus on very limited...

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the CPI, MMPI,and 16PF self-report inventories?

Accepted Answer

While options A, B, and C are all valid weaknesses of self-report inventories, option D is not accurate. Scoring for these inventories is typically standardized and objective, rather than subjective, and therefore should not vary significantly from examiner to examiner.

Question 19

A self-report inventory that determines a person's personality type by measuring his or her preferred way of dealing within formation, making decisions, and interacting with others, is called:

Accepted Answer

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is specifically designed to measure an individual's personality type based on their preferred way of processing information, making decisions, and interacting with others. The other options, such as the 16PF, CPI, and MMPI, do not focus specifically on personality type or preferred ways of interacting.

Question 20

Dylan wishes to apply the research on "possible selves" to help him become more motivated in college. As a first step, he should:

Accepted Answer

To apply the research on "possible selves" to become more motivated in college, Dylan should first become consciously aware of the possible selves he already holds and evaluate their effect on him. This will allow him to identify the possible selves that are most motivating and meaningful to him, and help him to set goals and take actions aligned with those selves. It is not necessary for him to take the 16PF or nurture his repressed actualizing tendency, and choosing fictional heroes as models may not address his personal needs and motivations.

Quiz 11: Social Psychology