Question 1

The biologically based core of individual differences in style of approach and response to the environment that remains stable across time and situations is what psychologists call ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The biologically based core of individual differences...

Question 2

Social learning is achieved by observing others.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory proposes that individuals can learn from observing and imitating the behavior of others.

Question 3

The quality of the parent-child attachment seems to be an important factor in determining the effects of non- maternal care on children.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that children with a secure attachment to their parents tend to fare better in non-maternal care settings, while those with insecure attachments may experience more negative effects. Therefore, the quality of the parent-child attachment is an important factor to consider when examining the effects of non-maternal care on children.

Question 4

Studies show that there are no significant differences between mother-child play and father-child play with infants under 12 months of age.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that there are differences in how mothers and fathers play with their infants. Fathers often engage in more physical and stimulating play, while mothers tend to focus on caregiving and nurturing interactions.

Question 5

Madison's mother warmly greeted an old friend in the grocery store. After observing her mother, Madison smiled, too. Madison engaged in social referencing to gauge her own reaction to her mother's friend.

Accepted Answer

Madison used social referencing by observing her mother's reaction and then adjusting her own reaction accordingly.

Question 6

Mothers are generally more natural than fathers at reading their infant's emotions and responding with synchrony.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mothers are generally more natural than fathers...

Question 7

Children's realization that they are separate persons with minds, bodies, and behaviors separate from those around them is called ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children's realization that they are separate persons...

Question 8

Most developmentalists agree that the anterior cingulate gyrus is the part of the brain's _____ that is directly connected to emotional self-regulation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Most developmentalists agree that the anterior cingulate...

Question 9

Baby Jordan first met her grandmother when she was just days old. Their second meeting was at Jordan's first birthday party. However, Jordan wanted nothing to do with her grandmother, whose feelings were deeply hurt. Jordan's behavior may be explained by ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Baby Jordan first met her grandmother when...

Question 10

According to cognitive theorists, values and thoughts determine one's perspective on the world.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theorists believe that an individual's values and thoughts shape their perception and interpretation of the world around them. This perspective emphasizes the importance of mental processes such as perception, attention, and memory in shaping an individual's view of reality.

Question 11

The infant's smile that appears whenever mother peeks over the side of the crib and makes a funny face is called a(n) ______ smile.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The infant's smile that appears whenever mother...

Question 12

According to the results of cross-cultural research, distal parenting often results in toddlers who are self- aware but less obedient than those whose parents engage in proximal parenting.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research suggests that distal parenting, which emphasizes independence and autonomy, often results in toddlers who are more self-aware but less obedient compared to those whose parents engage in proximal parenting, which focuses on maintaining physical closeness and monitoring the child's behavior.

Question 13

An infant who cries when an unknown person approaches is displaying ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An infant who cries when an unknown...

Question 14

In-home day care is always preferable to out-of-home day care.

Accepted Answer

The preference between in-home and out-of-home day care depends on individual family needs, child's personality, quality of care, and various other factors; there is no one-size-fits-all answer.

Question 15

Self-recognition (based upon the mirror test) usually emerges at about 18 months.

Accepted Answer

This is true. Research has shown that most children are able to recognize themselves in a mirror by 18 to 24 months of age.

Question 16

An infant's fear of being left alone by a parent or other caregiver is called ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An infant's fear of being left alone...

Question 17

According to Freud, preventing sucking or weaning too early during infancy may have lasting effects on personality development later.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the oral stage (birth to 1 year) is characterized by the primary source of pleasure being the mouth, particularly through activities such as sucking. If a child is prevented from fulfilling this desire or weaned too early, it could lead to fixation in this stage which could affect their personality development later on.

Question 18

In their study of "temperamental individuality," New York Longitudinal Study researchers found that infants can be characterized as easy, difficult, hard to classify, or ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In their study of "temperamental individuality," New...

Question 19

Like Freud, Erikson argued that problems and conflicts that arise in early childhood could adversely affect one's adult personality.

Accepted Answer

Erikson proposed that there are eight stages of psychosocial development, and that successfully resolving the conflicts at each stage is essential for healthy personality development. He believed that unresolved conflicts from childhood could lead to difficulties in later stages of development and potentially result in maladaptive personality traits.

Question 20

The part of the brain known as the ______ is affected by chronic early stress; as a result, the brain may develop more slowly in a stressed infant than in a non- stressed infant.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The part of the brain known as...

Quiz 4: The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development