Question 1

Which of the following best describes systematic inequality?

Accepted Answer

Systematic inequality refers to long-standing and pervasive disparities in wealth and opportunities that are deeply ingrained within a society's structure and institutions. This can include disparities in income, education, healthcare, and access to opportunities, which are often perpetuated by systemic biases and policies that favor certain groups over others.

Question 2

In critical theory, the unjust extraction of profits from the resources and labor of others is known as ______.

Accepted Answer

Exploitation in critical theory refers to the unjust extraction of profits from the resources and labor of others, often through unequal power dynamics and systems of domination. Marginalization, colonialism, and imperialism may also be related to exploitation, but they refer to broader systems of oppression and domination rather than specifically focusing on economic exploitation.

Question 3

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The proliferation of plantations to produce cash crops resulted in ______.

Accepted Answer

The proliferation of plantations for cash crops often led to the replacement of locally grown foodstuffs and the usurpation of local infrastructure for commercial purposes. This could have negative consequences for the health and well-being of the local peasantry, but there is no evidence to suggest that it boosted their well-being. Similarly, there is no clear evidence that the proliferation of plantations led to increased political inclusion for local peoples.

Question 4

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The identity perspective attributes the rise of the West to ______.

Accepted Answer

The identity perspective attributes the rise of the West to cultural and ideological factors such as Renaissance and Reformation ideas (A) and the Protestant ethic (C), which emphasize individualism, innovation, and economic development.

Question 5

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Globalization has marginalized women by ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Globalization has marginalized...

Question 6

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Coercive comparative advantage, as epitomized by the plantation, resulted in ______.

Accepted Answer

Coercive comparative advantage, as exemplified by the plantation model, resulted in a few dominant industries that were export-oriented and drew upon forced labor or low wages. This led to the neglect and eventual decline of local agriculture (resulting in an inability to feed themselves) and forced local enterprise and production activity into the informal sector. While the formal sectors may have become more integrated, this was not the main outcome of coercive comparative advantage.

Question 7

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. According to the critical theory perspective, globalization is the result of which of the following influences?

Accepted Answer

According to the critical theory perspective, globalization is the result of a combination of material, cultural and social, and institutional conditions. While geographical conditions may play a role in shaping globalization, it is not considered a primary influence according to this perspective.

Question 8

According to dependency theory, the plantation is a direct result of metropole-satellite relationships.

Accepted Answer

Dependency theory posits that the global economic system is structured in a way that enables developed "metropole" countries to dominate and exploit less developed "satellite" countries. In this context, the plantation economy is seen as a result of this unequal relationship, with the metropole extracting resources and labor from the satellite in order to maintain its economic dominance. Plantations, which typically rely on large-scale monoculture production and extensive use of labor, were seen as a particularly exploitative and oppressive form of economic activity in the context of dependency theory.

Question 9

Deep-seated disparity in the distribution of wealth or other treatments in critical theory refers to ______.

Accepted Answer

Deep-seated disparity in critical theory refers to systematic inequality, which is the unequal distribution of wealth, opportunities, and resources among different groups in society. This can refer to both economic and sociopolitical disparities, such as unequal access to education, healthcare, and political power. Exploitation, marginalization, and colonialism are all forms of systemic inequality, but they may not necessarily encompass the broad range of disparities covered by the term 'deep-seated disparity.'

Question 10

The critical theory perspective criticizes the other perspectives for assuming that development is a universalistic process that follows a single course initially set by Western ideas, power, and institutions.

Accepted Answer

Critical theory perspective argues that development is not a universalistic process but instead is shaped by power imbalances and multiple factors influenced by a variety of contexts and historical factors. This critique challenges the notion that Western ideas and institutions should be used as a model for all societies to follow.

Question 11

According to dependency theory, comparative advantage is not a given. Rather, it is a pattern of historically determined and dominant relationships shaped by colonial governments and raw power.

Accepted Answer

According to dependency theory, comparative advantage is not a natural outcome of market competition, but rather a product of historical power imbalances created by colonialism and perpetuated through ongoing relations between dominant and dependent states.

Question 12

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following states challenged Spanish and Portuguese exploration and colonization in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Accepted Answer

Great Britain and the Netherlands were the two main countries that challenged Spanish and Portuguese exploration and colonization in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Question 13

While Spanish explorers sailed west to the Caribbean and the Americas, Portuguese explorers sailed down the western coast of Africa, around the Cape of Good Hope, and into the Indian Ocean.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true.

Question 14

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the known world for colonization by which two European powers?

Accepted Answer

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the known world for colonization by Portugal and Spain, giving Portugal control over land to the east of a certain meridian and Spain control over land to the west. Great Britain and France were not involved in this treaty.

Question 15

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are ways in which groups are marginalized?

Accepted Answer

Marginalization involves the oppression and mistreatment of certain groups, often based on their race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or other characteristic. This can manifest in various ways, including treating them as primitive and uncivilized, taking away their land and resources, and forcing them into low-paying jobs and restricted living areas. Honoring and preserving a culture is not a form of marginalization.

Question 16

According to the critical theory perspective, colonialism established patterns of dependency that persist today.

Accepted Answer

According to critical theory, colonialism created economic, political, and cultural patterns of dependency that continue to shape global relationships today. This includes the exploitation of resources and labor from colonized nations, as well as the imposition of Western values and institutions that continue to dominate global governance and culture.

Question 17

Through the lens of the critical theory, to which of the following does the concept of the digital divide refer?

Accepted Answer

The concept of the digital divide refers to the uneven distribution in the access to, use of, or impact of information and communication technologies between different groups. This can include disparities between developed and developing countries, as well as within countries between different socio-economic or demographic groups. Critical theory is concerned with issues of equity and power, and the digital divide is a manifestation of such issues in the context of technology.

Question 18

According to the critical theory perspective, economic growth is a non-zero-sum game.

Accepted Answer

According to critical theory, economic growth is often viewed as a zero-sum game, where one person's gain is another person's loss. This is because critical theory focuses on the ways in which economic and social systems are often structured to benefit some groups at the expense of others. However, it's worth noting that not all critical theorists would necessarily agree on this point, and there may be different perspectives within the broader critical theory tradition.

Question 19

The gap between advanced and developing countries in terms of access to modern technology best describes which of the following concepts in critical theory?

Accepted Answer

The digital divide refers to the disparity between those who have access to modern technology and those who do not. This concept is often used in critical theory to describe the gap between advanced and developing countries. Systematic inequality, marginalization, and exploitation may also play a role in creating and perpetuating this divide, but the digital divide specifically focuses on technological access.

Question 20

Which perspective would most likely argue that globalization has resulted in a gap between advanced and developing countries in terms of access to computers, cell phones, and other telecommunication devices?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which perspective would most likely argue that...

Quiz 11: Critical Theory Perspectives on Globalization: Inequality, Imperialism, and Injustice