Question 1

Because of self-consistency bias,
A) Don may have trouble remembering how he initially felt about Vicki.
B) Pete's feelings about Anne may be stronger than they once were.
C) Sam may not love Florence any more.
D) Shawna believes that she always felt passionately about Matthew.
E) Tom believes that he loves Coral more than Mike does.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Because of self-consistency bias,
A) Don may have...

Question 2

Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her history test, all she can remember is French! Shalissa's memory is suffering from
A) cue-dependent forgetting.
B) proactive interference.
C) decay.
D) retroactive interference .
E) encoding specificity.

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information. In this case, Shalissa's previous studying of French may have interfered with her ability to remember the historical information she needed for the exam.

Question 3

The forgetting curve noted by Ebbinghaus demonstrates the ________ of memory.
A) transienc.
B) encoding
C) interferenc.
D) repression
E) durability

Accepted Answer

The forgetting curve refers to the tendency of newly acquired information to quickly fade away over time. This process of decay or fading is known as transience. Option B, encoding, refers to the initial process of getting information into memory, while interference (option C) refers to the way in which other information interferes with the retrieval of stored information. Repression (option D) refers to the defense mechanism in which certain thoughts or memories are kept out of conscious awareness. Finally, durability (option E) is not a term typically used in the context of memory.

Question 4

The TOT phenomenon is explained as due to a weak match between
A) retrieval cues and encoding in LTM.
B) mnemonics and engrams.
C) semantic memory and recall.
D) implicit and explicit memory.
E) episodic memory and recognition.

Accepted Answer

The TOT phenomenon refers to the experience of knowing a word, but being unable to recall it. This is usually due to a weak match between retrieval cues (the information available in memory that can help trigger recall) and the encoding in long-term memory (the way the information was stored).

Question 5

Simon read the words bed, night, snore, dream, comfort, and pillow to Jennifer. As a result of misattribution, we could expect Jennifer to
A) remember the word sleep.
B) experience some sleepiness.
C) only remember three or four of the words.
D) remember the first and last words, but not the middle words.
E) confuse the order of the words.

Accepted Answer

Misattribution occurs when information is remembered but the source of the information is forgotten or mistaken. In this case, the word "sleep" is closely related to the words Simon read to Jennifer, so she might mistakenly remember "sleep" as being part of the list due to its strong association with the other words, even though it was not actually mentioned.

Question 6

Imagine that the first car you learned to drive was a manual transmission with a clutch, but the car you drive now is an automatic. Sometimes you find yourself reaching for the clutch that is no longer there. This example illustrates
A) retroactive interference.
B) proactive interference.
C) retrograde amnesia.
D) anterograde amnesia.
E) eidetic amnesia.

Accepted Answer

This example illustrates proactive interference, where old memories interfere with the recall of new information. In this case, the habit of reaching for a clutch from driving a manual car interferes with the adaptation to driving an automatic car without a clutch.

Question 7

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to demonstrate accurate eyewitness recall?
A) George, who has been told that interrogation can create memory bia.
B) Paul, who is being questioned long after the event occurred
C) Richard, who is 73 years old
D) Stu, who is three years ol.
E) John, who is feeling particularly confident about his memories

Accepted Answer

George, who has been told about memory bias, is most likely to demonstrate accurate eyewitness recall because he has been informed about the potential for memory distortion and may have taken steps to mitigate it.

Question 8

Janie is taking an exam in her history class.am, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that is).embers four of them. there is a fifth and can almost remember it; she knows that it is something like taxes.walking down the stairs, when all of a sudden, she remembers that the fifth point is taxes, but it is too late. suffering from
A) encoding problem.
B) storage inversion
C) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
D) evaluation overload
E) anterograde amnesia

Accepted Answer

Janie is experiencing the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, which is the feeling of knowing the answer but not being able to retrieve it from memory.

Question 9

Your teacher has given each student the name of a key figure in the history of psychology. The assignment is to describe at least one significant contribution made by this person. If your historical figure is Hermann Ebbinghaus, what contribution might you describe to the class?
A) He described the limits of sensory storage.
B) He discovered the parts of the brain responsible for processing memories.
C) He created nonsense syllables in order to study memory in a pure form.
D) He developed a series of memory aids that is still used by students today.
E) His development of the fMRI to test brain activity during memory tasks.

Accepted Answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus is best known for his research on memory. He developed a method of studying memory that involved studying nonsense syllables - combinations of letters or sounds that have no meaning - in order to study memory in a pure form, without the interference of pre-existing associations. The results of his studies, which he published in the book "Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology" in 1885, showed that forgetting tends to occur quickly after learning, but levels off after a period of time, and that the amount forgotten is related to the amount of time spent learning. This research was groundbreaking in the field of psychology and helped set the stage for future studies on memory.

Question 10

You start out using Firefox, then change to Explorer because your company demands that browsers be Microsoft products. If you have trouble with Explorer, it is most likely due to
A) proactive interferenc.
B) retroactive interferenc.
C) anterograde interference
D) consolidation problems
E) retrograde interference

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when old information (using Firefox) interferes with the ability to learn or use new information (using Explorer).

Question 11

When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the
A) phi phenomenon.
B) recency effect.
C) chunking effect.
D) primacy effect.
E) impression effect.

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect refers to the tendency for people to remember the first items on a list better than the middle or end items. This is thought to occur because people have more time to rehearse and encode the first few items in their memory before new items are presented.

Question 12

Absent-mindedness in a college student would typically involve
A) trying to study while watching television.
B) a failure to encode a stimulus event.
C) a failure to connect new input to previously stored information.
D) a failure of iconic memory.
E) an old memory making it difficult to recall a newer one.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Absent-mindedness in a college student would typically...

Question 13

A temporary failure to recall where you left your keys is most likely due to
A) transience.
B) proactive interference.
C) misattribution.
D) absent-mindedness.
E) the TOT phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

Absent-mindedness refers to forgetting caused by insufficient attention, distraction, or divided attention. It is the most likely reason for a temporary failure to recall where you left your keys, rather than transience (the decreasing accessibility of memory over time), proactive interference (previous learning interfering with current retrieval), misattribution (attributing a memory to the wrong source), or the TOT phenomenon (feeling like you're on the verge of remembering something, but not quite getting there).

Question 14

The observation that depressed people tend to favor recall of depressing memories is known as ________ memory.
A) sociopathic
B) anterograde
C) mood-congruen.
D) retrograde
E) encoding specificit.

Accepted Answer

Mood-congruent memory refers to the tendency for individuals to better remember memories and information that are congruent with their current emotional state. In the case of depression, this means that individuals are more likely to recall negative and depressing memories when they are in a negative or depressive mood.

Question 15

If you are trying to remember the names of all the U.S. presidents, the serial position effect would predict that you will have difficulty
A) remembering more than about seven (plus or minus two) of them.
B) recognizing the names of the presidents on a list.
C) recalling the earliest presidents.
D) recalling the most recent presidents.
E) recalling the presidents in the middle of the list.

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect suggests that people tend to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle. This means recalling the presidents in the middle of the list would be more difficult.

Question 16

Which of the following statements regarding TOT experiences is FALSE?
A) They often involve the names of famous people or familiar objects.
B) They typically involve recognition tasks.
C) About half the time, the words do eventually pop into mind.
D) When words are finally remembered, it is usually within one minute.
E) They may be explained by inadequate context cues.

Accepted Answer

TOT experiences typically involve difficulty in retrieving a specific word from memory, but they do not necessarily involve recognition tasks.

Question 17

If you are unable to remember the name of your second grade teacher because you haven't thought of her in a while, you are demonstrating
A) the serial position effect.
B) transience.
C) misattribution.
D) absent-mindedness.
E) encoding specificity.

Accepted Answer

Transience refers to the decay of memories over time. In this case, the person has not thought of their second grade teacher in a while, so their memory of her name has decayed or weakened. The other answer choices do not apply to this situation.

Question 18

You are invited to take part in a study by a researcher trying to replicate the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus. What might this researcher ask you to do?
A) "Write down all the words you can remember."
B) "Read this poem and then interpret its meaning."
C) "Listen to me: BEC, DAX, FER, KOJ; now repeat what I said..
D) "Listen to these sounds and write down words that come to mind..
E) "Look at these inkblots and tell me what you see in them."

Accepted Answer

The researcher is trying to replicate the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus, who studied memory. Ebbinghaus's work involved memorizing lists of nonsense syllables, so the researcher would likely ask you to do something similar, such as memorizing a list of nonsense syllables and then recalling them.

Question 19

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. This is an example of the ________ effect.
A) encoding specificity
B) serial positio.
C) TO.
D) reintegrative
E) priming

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle of the list. In this example, Moishe remembers the first two (beginning) and last two (end) items on the grocery list but forgets the items in the middle.

Question 20

Writing the previous year on your checks instead of the current year is an example of
A) retroactive interferenc.
B) encoding specificity.
C) proactive interference.
D) repression.
E) transience.

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with new information. In this case, the old habit of writing the previous year on checks interferes with the current year.

Quiz 5: Memory

Because of self-consistency bias,

Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her history test, all she can remember is French! Shalissa's memory is suffering from

The forgetting curve noted by Ebbinghaus demonstrates the ________ of memory.

The TOT phenomenon is explained as due to a weak match between

Simon read the words bed, night, snore, dream, comfort, and pillow to Jennifer. As a result of misattribution, we could expect Jennifer to

Imagine that the first car you learned to drive was a manual transmission with a clutch, but the car you drive now is an automatic. Sometimes you find yourself reaching for the clutch that is no longer there. This example illustrates

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to demonstrate accurate eyewitness recall?

Your teacher has given each student the name of a key figure in the history of psychology. The assignment is to describe at least one significant contribution made by this person. If your historical figure is Hermann Ebbinghaus, what contribution might you describe to the class?

You start out using Firefox, then change to Explorer because your company demands that browsers be Microsoft products. If you have trouble with Explorer, it is most likely due to

When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the

Absent-mindedness in a college student would typically involve

A temporary failure to recall where you left your keys is most likely due to

The observation that depressed people tend to favor recall of depressing memories is known as ________ memory.

If you are trying to remember the names of all the U.S. presidents, the serial position effect would predict that you will have difficulty

Which of the following statements regarding TOT experiences is FALSE?

If you are unable to remember the name of your second grade teacher because you haven't thought of her in a while, you are demonstrating

You are invited to take part in a study by a researcher trying to replicate the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus. What might this researcher ask you to do?

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. This is an example of the ________ effect.

Writing the previous year on your checks instead of the current year is an example of