Question 1

Which group of individuals did Jacoby, Bishara, Hessels, and Toth (2005)find was most strongly influenced by misleading suggestions?

Accepted Answer

Jacoby et al. (2005) found that older adults were the most strongly influenced by misleading suggestions.

Question 2

Super-recognizers are:

Accepted Answer

Super-recognizers have an outstanding ability to recognize human faces, often at a level that is far superior to the general population.

Question 3

Which of these components is involved in the cognitive interview?

Accepted Answer

All of these components are involved in the cognitive interview. Adopting different viewpoints involves asking the witness to describe events from different perspectives. Mental reinstatement involves asking the witness to mentally recreate the scene by recalling sensory details and emotions. Encouragement for detail involves asking the witness to provide as much information as possible, even if it seems irrelevant. Recounting the event in different orders involves asking the witness to recall events in a chronological order, then in reverse order, and then in a different sequence.

Question 4

The correct ordering of the words used in the Loftus and Palmer (1974)study that prompted the SLOWEST numeric group estimate of car speed to the FASTEST is:

Accepted Answer

Loftus and Palmer's study aimed to investigate how the language used to describe a collision can influence eyewitnesses' memory of the event. Participants watched a video of a car accident and were asked to estimate the speed of the cars involved. Afterwards, they were asked a follow-up question that framed the collision in different ways using synonyms for "hit": "smashed", "collided", "bumped", "contacted", or "hit". The study found that participants who were asked about the collision using the word "smashed" gave the highest speed estimates, while those who were asked using the word "contacted" gave the lowest. Therefore, the correct ordering from slowest to fastest estimate would be: contacted, hit, bumped, collided, smashed. Choice C reflects this ordering.

Question 5

The findings reported by Jones et al. (2017)showed that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The findings reported by Jones et al....

Question 6

According to Gabbert, Hope, Fisher, and Jamieson (2012), what could protect memory traces from distortion by misleading information?

Accepted Answer

An early opportunity to recall the details of a witnessed crime could protect memory traces from distortion by misleading information, as it allows for the original memory to be strengthened and potentially prevents interference from new information. Working memory training, proactive interference, and retroactive interference do not necessarily protect against distortion by misleading information. Delayed recall could actually increase the likelihood of memory distortion.

Question 7

The phenomenon where an individual selects a familiar but innocent face from a line-up is termed:

Accepted Answer

Unconscious transference refers to a phenomenon where an eyewitness mistakenly identifies someone they have seen before as the perpetrator of a crime, even though the person they have seen before is innocent. This can happen because of the witness's inability to distinguish between the perpetrator and someone they have seen before, known as the "familiarity effect." As a result, the witness may mistakenly identify an innocent person from a lineup.

Question 8

Richler, Cheung, and Gauthier (2011)are some of the researchers who have demonstrated that face recognition involves which type of processing, in that information from several different regions is integrated?

Accepted Answer

The researchers mentioned have demonstrated that face recognition involves holistic processing, in which information from several different regions is integrated. This is the opposite of serial processing, in which information is processed sequentially, and sparse processing, in which only certain features are used to recognize an object. Parabolic and distributed processing are not relevant to this topic.

Question 9

Pickel (2009)obtained specific support for the prediction that people pay attention to stimuli that are _______ in a situation, such as a female criminal carrying a folding knife or a male criminal with a knitting needle.

Accepted Answer

Pickel's study supports the idea that people pay attention to unexpected stimuli in a situation. The examples given, such as a female criminal carrying a folding knife or a male criminal with a knitting needle, are unexpected and therefore more likely to capture people's attention.

Question 10

The tendency for witnesses to attend to an object used in a crime rather than the perpetrator(s)is known as the _[BLANK]_ effect.

Accepted Answer

The tendency for witnesses to attend to an object used in a crime rather than the perpetrator(s) is known as the weapon-focus effect. This occurs because the presence of a weapon can be salient and cause increased stress and arousal for the witnesses, leading to reduced attentional capacity and focus on the surrounding details including the perpetrator.

Question 11

According to the textbook, more than 200 individuals were found guilty based on mistaken eyewitness identification, but were later exonerated primarily on the basis of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The question specifically mentions that the individuals were later exonerated, which implies that they were found innocent through additional evidence. DNA test results are a common source of exonerating evidence in cases where mistaken eyewitness identification played a role in the conviction. The other options, such as new lineups, alibis, personality inventories, and lie detector results, may be useful in determining innocence or guilt, but they are not necessarily exonerating evidence on their own.

Question 12

Leippe et al. (2004)presented evidence that exposing mock jurors to which of the following reduced guilty verdicts from 74% to 59%, independent of the strength of the case against the defendant?

Accepted Answer

Leippe et al. (2004) found that exposing mock jurors to expert testimony reduced guilty verdicts from 74% to 59%, independent of the strength of the case against the defendant. This suggests that expert testimony can have a significant impact on the verdict, regardless of the strength of the evidence presented. The other options (fingerprint evidence, DNA evidence, video recordings, and written confessions) were not found to have this effect in the study.

Question 13

According to Bartlett (1932), schema-based information is used to ______ the details of an event, according to "what must have been true."

Accepted Answer

Bartlett's concept of schema refers to how individuals use their prior knowledge and experience to interpret new information. When reconstructing a past event, schema-based information is used to fill in gaps or missing details based on what the individual believes must have been true. Therefore, the best choice is C, "reconstruct."

Question 14

The meta-analysis conducted by Deffenbacher et al. (2004)identified that eyewitness testimony was most accurate in which condition?

Accepted Answer

The meta-analysis by Deffenbacher et al. (2004) identified that eyewitness testimony was most accurate in low stress and low anxiety conditions. This is because high levels of stress and anxiety can negatively impact memory and recall.

Question 15

Dahl, Granér, Fransson, Bertilsson, and Fredriksson (2018)obtained eyewitness testimony from 13 eyewitnesses to a real- life, highly stressful incident in which the police killed a man with a knife. They found that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dahl, Granér, Fransson, Bertilsson, and Fredriksson (2018)obtained...

Question 16

Failure to notice the introduction of an unexpected object in a visual display is best termed:

Accepted Answer

Inattentional blindness refers to the failure to notice an unexpected object that is fully visible in a visual display when attention is focused on another task or object. Choice A refers to a specific area in the visual field where there are no photoreceptors, while choice B and C refer to failures to detect changes or rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), respectively. Choice D refers to the phenomenon where misleading information can distort memory.

Question 17

Which framework did Johnson, Hashtroudi, and Lindsay (1993)apply to explain the effects of misleading post-event information?

Accepted Answer

Johnson, Hashtroudi, and Lindsay (1993) applied the source misattribution framework to explain how misleading post-event information can affect memory recall by causing individuals to misattribute the source of their memories.

Question 18

Oeberst and Blank (2012)argued that:

Accepted Answer

Oeberst and Blank (2012) argue that while misinformation can temporarily impact memory traces and lead to errors when remembering events, it typically does not permanently change memory traces. This means that individuals may be able to correct their memory and recall the accurate information with additional information or cues.

Question 19

Major differences, covered in the text, between eyewitness experiences in the laboratory versus real life include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Major differences, covered in the text, between...

Question 20

What did Wells et al. (2015)find?

Accepted Answer

Wells et al. (2015) found that there were more incorrect identifications of an innocent person with simultaneous line-ups than with sequential line-ups.

Quiz 12: Eyewitness Testimony

Which group of individuals did Jacoby, Bishara, Hessels, and Toth (2005) find was most strongly influenced by misleading suggestions?

Super-recognizers are:

Which of these components is involved in the cognitive interview?

The correct ordering of the words used in the Loftus and Palmer (1974) study that prompted the SLOWEST numeric group estimate of car speed to the FASTEST is:

The findings reported by Jones et al. (2017) showed that:

According to Gabbert, Hope, Fisher, and Jamieson (2012) , what could protect memory traces from distortion by misleading information?

The phenomenon where an individual selects a familiar but innocent face from a line-up is termed:

Richler, Cheung, and Gauthier (2011) are some of the researchers who have demonstrated that face recognition involves which type of processing, in that information from several different regions is integrated?

Pickel (2009) obtained specific support for the prediction that people pay attention to stimuli that are _______ in a situation, such as a female criminal carrying a folding knife or a male criminal with a knitting needle.

The tendency for witnesses to attend to an object used in a crime rather than the perpetrator(s) is known as the _[BLANK]_ effect.

According to the textbook, more than 200 individuals were found guilty based on mistaken eyewitness identification, but were later exonerated primarily on the basis of which of the following?

Leippe et al. (2004) presented evidence that exposing mock jurors to which of the following reduced guilty verdicts from 74% to 59%, independent of the strength of the case against the defendant?

According to Bartlett (1932) , schema-based information is used to ______ the details of an event, according to "what must have been true."

The meta-analysis conducted by Deffenbacher et al. (2004) identified that eyewitness testimony was most accurate in which condition?

Dahl, Granér, Fransson, Bertilsson, and Fredriksson (2018) obtained eyewitness testimony from 13 eyewitnesses to a real- life, highly stressful incident in which the police killed a man with a knife. They found that:

Failure to notice the introduction of an unexpected object in a visual display is best termed:

Which framework did Johnson, Hashtroudi, and Lindsay (1993) apply to explain the effects of misleading post-event information?

Oeberst and Blank (2012) argued that:

Major differences, covered in the text, between eyewitness experiences in the laboratory versus real life include all of the following, EXCEPT:

What did Wells et al. (2015) find?