Question 1

Benoit and Anderson (2012)compared which two strategies of controlling unwanted memories to see whether they engaged different mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Benoit and Anderson (2012) compared two strategies for controlling unwanted memories: thought substitution and direct suppression. They found that thought substitution engaged more effortful, controlled mechanisms whereas direct suppression relied more on automatic, inhibitory processes. Therefore, the best choice is E (thought substitution and direct suppression).

Question 2

How does the context shift hypothesis explain list-method directed forgetting?

Accepted Answer

The context shift hypothesis proposes that information is encoded in specific contexts, and remembering information requires reinstating that context. In list-method directed forgetting, the first and second lists are presented in different contexts (e.g. different study tasks or different experimental conditions), and participants are instructed to forget the first list when they move on to the second list. The hypothesis suggests that the first and second lists are encoded in two separate contexts, which may be reinstated when participants attempt to remember the items. This context shift can make it difficult for participants to access the first list items, resulting in directed forgetting.

Question 3

Charles, Mather, and Carstensen (2003)observed which pattern of memory findings in older adults?

Accepted Answer

Charles, Mather, and Carstensen (2003) found that older adults tend to have a recall bias towards positive memories, but their recognition ability does not significantly differ between negative and positive memories. This pattern is consistent with the positivity effect, where older adults tend to focus more on positive information and memories.

Question 4

Bjork and Bjork (2003)found that their directed forgetting participants had forgotten from where they knew a tested name, misattributing the name's familiarity to:

Accepted Answer

The participants in the study had misattributed the familiarity of the tested name to fame, which means they associated the name with someone famous or well-known.

Question 5

Which of the following is often referred to as suppression-induced forgetting?

Accepted Answer

Suppression-induced forgetting is often referred to as the negative control effect, where the act of suppressing certain memories leads to forgetting them.

Question 6

In psychoanalytic theory, which defense mechanism is believed to unconsciously banish memories that may cause pain and conflict?

Accepted Answer

Repression is the defense mechanism believed to unconsciously banish memories that may cause pain and conflict. It involves pushing disturbing or threatening thoughts, feelings, or memories out of conscious awareness, making them inaccessible to the conscious mind.

Question 7

According to the selective rehearsal account, individuals exert more of what after a remember instruction, compared to a forget instruction?

Accepted Answer

The selective rehearsal account states that individuals engage in more cognitive effort to remember information after a remember instruction, compared to a forget instruction. This cognitive effort includes actively rehearsing and organizing the to-be-remembered information in order to increase the likelihood of later recall. Therefore, choice C (cognitive effort) is the best answer.

Question 8

Avoidance of retrieval cues, preventing the reactivation of traces, and environment changes all fall under the umbrella term:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Avoidance of retrieval cues, preventing the reactivation...

Question 9

Mather and Carstensen (2005)argue that as people advance in age, their focus on maintaining a sense of which of the following tends to increase, along with their emotion regulation skill?

Accepted Answer

Mather and Carstensen argue that as people age, their focus shifts towards maintaining a sense of well-being and their ability to regulate their emotions also increases. This is particularly relevant in the context of the socioemotional selectivity theory, which suggests that as people age, they become more aware of their limited time and tend to prioritize emotionally meaningful goals over informational ones.

Question 10

What term is given to remembering previously forgotten conditioned responses and declarative memories after a delay?

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the term used to describe the re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response. It can also refer to the recovery of declarative memories after a delay. False memory syndrome, psychogenic memory, motivated remembering, and iatrogenic memory are all different concepts unrelated to the question.

Question 11

Sedikides and Green's (2000)mnemic neglect effect refers to tendency for individuals to limit the encoding of:

Accepted Answer

Sedikides and Green's (2000) mnemic neglect effect refers to the tendency for individuals to limit the encoding of negative feedback, meaning they are more likely to forget negative feedback compared to positive feedback.

Question 12

Which experimental paradigm is typically used to test retrieval suppression?

Accepted Answer

The think/no-think paradigm is the experimental paradigm typically used to test retrieval suppression. In this paradigm, participants learn pairs of words and are instructed to either think about or actively try to forget one of the words when presented with the other. This paradigm allows researchers to study the ability to suppress the retrieval of unwanted memories.

Question 13

The ability to selectively determine what enters conscious thought is considered a form of what?

Accepted Answer

The ability to selectively determine what enters conscious thought is known as cognitive control.

Question 14

How frequently are participants instructed whether to remember or forget the stimuli they had just seen in the LIST-method directed forgetting procedure?

Accepted Answer

In the LIST-method directed forgetting procedure, participants are typically instructed to forget or remember the stimuli after half of the stimulus set has been presented. This is done to manipulate memory retention for the first half of the list.

Question 15

Psychogenic amnesia is:

Accepted Answer

Psychogenic amnesia is a form of forgetting not readily attributable to neurological damage or dysfunction and is assumed to have a psychological rather than a biological source. It is often used to describe lapses in surprisingly large or important episodes of life. It is mechanistically neutral, meaning it is not caused by a specific dysfunction or damage to the brain.

Question 16

Anderson et al. (2004)discovered that which brain structures tend to be recruited while people are actively suppressing retrieval?

Accepted Answer

Anderson et al. (2004) found that the right lateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus tend to be recruited during active retrieval suppression.

Question 17

In terms of suppression-induced forgetting, research suggests all of the following, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The statement that individuals with attention deficit disorder show enhanced suppression abilities compared to controls is not supported by research on suppression-induced forgetting. In fact, some studies suggest that individuals with ADHD may have weaker suppression abilities. The other choices are all supported by research.

Question 18

Ballard's term for the "gradual process of improvement in the capacity to revive past experiences" without relearning is:

Accepted Answer

Ballard's term for the "gradual process of improvement in the capacity to revive past experiences" without relearning is reminiscence. Refractory period refers to the period of time after an action or event during which it is difficult or impossible to evoke a response. Hypermania is not a term commonly used in psychology. Residual amnesia refers to the lingering effects of amnesia such as memory gaps. Psychogenic amnesia refers to amnesia caused by psychological factors.

Question 19

Anderson et al. (2004)notably observed DECREASED activation in which structure when participants suppressed retrieval?

Accepted Answer

Anderson et al. (2004) noted decreased activation in the hippocampus when participants suppressed retrieval.

Question 20

Which theory argues that items from a forget list are temporarily rendered less accessible through a reduction in activation?

Accepted Answer

The Retrieval Inhibition Hypothesis argues that items from a forget list are temporarily rendered less accessible through a reduction in activation.

Quiz 10: Motivated Forgetting

Benoit and Anderson (2012) compared which two strategies of controlling unwanted memories to see whether they engaged different mechanisms?

How does the context shift hypothesis explain list-method directed forgetting?

Charles, Mather, and Carstensen (2003) observed which pattern of memory findings in older adults?

Bjork and Bjork (2003) found that their directed forgetting participants had forgotten from where they knew a tested name, misattributing the name's familiarity to: