Question 1

____ viewed moral development as based on cognitive development, such that moral thinking changes in predictable ways as cognitive abilities develop, regardless of culture.

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Kohlberg believed that moral development is based on cognitive development, specifically on a child's ability to reason logically about abstract concepts. He proposed a theory of moral development that consists of six stages, which unfold in a predetermined sequence as a child's cognitive abilities mature. Kohlberg's theory is universalist in nature and suggests that moral development occurs in predictable ways across cultures, regardless of cultural differences.

Question 2

To Kohlberg, whether the participants concluded that the actions of the persons in the dilemma ____ was crucial for understanding the level of people's moral development.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg focused on how people explained their answers to the moral dilemmas, rather than just whether they chose the "right" or "wrong" action. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as the explanation of participants' answers was crucial for understanding their level of moral development.

Question 3

Lene Jensen's theory of moral development differs from Kohlberg's theory in that it places emphasis on a person's ____ as the ultimate basis of morality.

Accepted Answer

Lene Jensen's theory of moral development places emphasis on a person's worldview, which includes their values, beliefs, and cultural background, as the ultimate basis of morality. This differs from Kohlberg's theory, which focuses on the use of formal reasoning to make moral decisions. Jensen's theory also takes into account the role of emotions and intuition in moral decision-making, which Kohlberg's theory largely overlooks.

Question 4

You and your father are having an argument regarding ethics. You are arguing that as long as people do no harm to anyone else, their behaviour is ethical. Your father argues that people have responsibilities in the family, community and other groups that have to be considered and evaluated before a behaviour is considered ethical. Jensen would argue that your father is using what worldview to determine ethical behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Jensen's work emphasizes the importance of community and interconnectedness in shaping ethical behavior, which aligns with the ethic of community worldview. This worldview emphasizes the importance of considering our relationships and responsibilities to others when making ethical decisions.

Question 5

In the 2011 Census, ____ of Australians reported no religious affiliation.

Accepted Answer

In the 2011 Census, 22% of Australians reported having no religious affiliation.

Question 6

In general, adolescents and emerging adults in developed societies are ____.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that adolescents and emerging adults in developed societies are less religious than their counterparts in developing countries. This may be due to cultural differences, greater access to information, and a decrease in the influence of traditional religious institutions.

Question 7

Jonathan is in his late teens and is beginning to question his religious upbringing. Just recently, he has begun to believe in the human spirit and a person's ability to reason. Moving closer to a scientific worldview, and moving further away from religious beliefs and values, it is clear that Jonathan is becoming more ____.

Accepted Answer

Jonathan's shift towards a scientific worldview and away from religious beliefs and values indicates a move towards secularism, making choice C the best answer. Choice A, pious, refers to a devoutly religious person, which does not fit Jonathan's current trajectory. Choice B, spiritual, is not necessarily indicative of a shift away from religion, and is too narrow based on the information given. Choice D, divine, does not accurately describe Jonathan's beliefs about spirituality or religion.

Question 8

Among those who do report a religious affiliation, _______ comprise the largest percentage in Australia.

Accepted Answer

According to the 2016 Australian Census, Catholics account for 22.6% of the population. Protestants are the second-largest group, accounting for 13.3%. Eastern Orthodoxs and Lutherans are much smaller groups, with 2.7% and 1.2% respectively.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning emphasizes the importance of following rules established by tradition and authority. Individuals at this stage avoid breaking these rules in order to maintain social order and fulfill their duties to society. This stage is characterized by a concern for the opinions of others and a desire to avoid disapproval or punishment.

Question 10

In the 2011 Census, ____ of people in New Zealand reported no religious affiliation.

Accepted Answer

In the 2011 Census, 35% of people in New Zealand reported having no religious affiliation.

Question 11

When Kohlberg began his research on moral judgment, who did he study?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg initially studied 72 boys aged 10, 13, and 16 years old to develop his theory of stages of moral development.

Question 12

Kohlberg's claims of a universal theory of moral development have been challenged, most notably by Richard Shweder, who believes that it is impossible to understand moral development unless you understand the individual's ____.

Accepted Answer

Shweder argues that moral development is deeply influenced by an individual's cultural worldview and that moral values and beliefs are culturally constructed. Therefore, understanding someone's cultural context is crucial to understanding their moral development.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's pre-conventional level of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's...

Question 14

Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's post-conventional level of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's post-conventional level of moral reasoning is characterized by an individual's ability to make moral judgments based on their own independent judgments rather than relying solely on authority or societal norms. At this level, individuals have developed their own moral code and are guided by principles of justice and respect for individual rights.

Question 15

You and your roommate are having a discussion about divorce. You both believe there is no ethical reason for someone who is unhappy in his or her marriage not to seek a divorce - that the individual's interests are the most important thing to consider. Because you are both emerging adults, Jensen would argue that you probably use what worldview to determine ethical behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The ethic of autonomy values individual interests and self-determination as the basis for ethical decision-making. This aligns with the belief that individuals should be free to seek divorce if it is in their own best interests.

Question 16

Religious New Zealanders are more likely to abstain from

Accepted Answer

Religious New Zealanders are more likely to follow the moral guidelines set by their religion, which often include abstaining from sex outside of marriage, avoiding alcohol consumption, and not stealing, hence they are most likely to abstain from all of these activities.

Question 17

Developed countries, such as Belgium, tend to be highly ____, which means based on non-religious beliefs and values.

Accepted Answer

The word "secular" means not connected with religious or spiritual matters. Therefore, choice C accurately reflects the characteristic of Belgium being based on non-religious beliefs and values.

Question 18

Kohlberg viewed moral development as based on ____.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development emphasizes cognitive development and the ability to use reasoning to make moral decisions. It is based on his belief that individuals progress through a series of stages of moral reasoning, and that this progression reflects their level of cognitive development. Therefore, the correct answer is C - cognitive development.

Question 19

Approximately 84% of American adolescents believe in God or a universal spirit, but only about ____ attend religious services at least twice a month.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Approximately 84% of American adolescents believe in...

Question 20

Numbers of people reporting no religion are lowest among _________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Numbers of people reporting no religion are...

Quiz 8: Adolescence