Question 1

In agricultural societies, children typically socialize into more distinct gender roles than do children in nomadic societies. This best illustrates that gender-role differences between social groups result from

Accepted Answer

This is because cultural influence and societal norms play a significant role in shaping gender roles, and different societies have different cultural values and norms regarding gender roles. Agricultural societies tend to have more rigid gender roles due to the division of labor, while nomadic societies may be more flexible due to the need for collective efforts in survival. Natural selection and individualism are not as relevant in explaining differences in gender roles between social groups.

Question 2

Men in their ________ are most likely to be sexually attracted to women who are several years older rather than several years younger than themselves.

Accepted Answer

Teenage boys are often attracted to older women due to factors like maturity, experience, and the allure of someone who seems more sophisticated or knowledgeable.

Question 3

People whose gender identity feels mismatched with their biological sex are

Accepted Answer

Transgender refers to individuals who have a gender identity that is different from the sex they were assigned at birth. Bisexual, heterosexual, and lesbian refer to an individual's sexual orientation, not their gender identity. Transgender is the term used to describe individuals whose gender identity does not align with their biological sex. Bisexual, heterosexual, and lesbian describe a person's sexual orientation and are not related to their gender identity.

Question 4

Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of

Accepted Answer

Professor Shankar's belief that unique personal characteristics are the most important suggests an emphasis on individualism, which values individual uniqueness and freedom over group conformity. Professor Shankar's belief that unique personal characteristics are important reflects an attitude of individualism, which prioritizes individual identity and independence over group identity and conformity.

Question 5

Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is more time-consuming for women than for men. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior.

Accepted Answer

The suggestion that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women due to the time-consuming nature of childbirth is a concept that is central to evolutionary theories of sexual behavior. These theories argue that sexual behaviors and preferences have evolved over time to maximize reproductive success, and are shaped by natural selection. Social learning, Freudian, and epigenetic theories are not directly concerned with reproductive advantages, and do not offer an explanation for this specific phenomenon. The suggestion given by Professor Assad aligns with the principles of evolutionary theory, which emphasizes that behaviors and traits that increase reproductive success are more likely to be passed on to future generations. In this case, a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters would be more reproductively advantageous to women due to the greater investment and energy required for carrying and giving birth to offspring. The other answer choices (social learning, Freudian, and epigenetic) do not relate to the specific suggestion made by Professor Assad.

Question 6

Identical twins originate from the fertilization of

Accepted Answer

Identical twins result from the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm cell, which then splits into two separate embryos. Identical twins result from the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm cell which then splits into two embryos. This is why they have identical genetic material.

Question 7

Lacking any exposure to language before adolescence, a person will never master any language due to the ________ of unemployed neural connections.

Accepted Answer

Neural connections that are not used or stimulated are pruned, or eliminated, in the brain. Therefore, if a person has never been exposed to language before adolescence, they will not have the necessary neural connections for language acquisition and will be unable to master any language. This process of neural pruning is a natural part of brain development and has nothing to do with natural selection, mutation, or temperament.

Question 8

Voluntary migration, a sparsely populated environment, and shift to a capitalist economy have most clearly fostered

Accepted Answer

Voluntary migration, a sparsely populated environment, and shift to a capitalist economy have historically led to the development and reinforcement of individualistic values and behaviors. This is because in these environments, individuals are often more self-reliant and focused on achieving personal success and upward mobility, rather than on collective well-being or community cohesion. Therefore, the most likely outcome of these factors is an emphasis on individualism. Voluntary migration, sparsely populated environment, and shift to a capitalist economy have all contributed to the development of individualism. Voluntary migration often involves leaving behind community ties and venturing out on one's own, which encourages individualistic thinking. A sparsely populated environment may also lead to more self-reliant behavior, while a shift to a capitalist economy prioritizes individual success and competition. These factors have all contributed to the development of individualism as a cultural value.

Question 9

When his mother offered to play leapfrog with him, Jorge protested, "I'm not going to play a girl's game!" Jorge's reaction best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

Jorge's protest suggests that he has internalized societal expectations (gender schemas) about what activities are appropriate for boys and girls. He views leapfrog as a "girl's game" and therefore refuses to participate.

Question 10

The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a

Accepted Answer

The answer of The belief that boys are more independent...

Question 11

Those who defend evolutionary psychology against criticism are most likely to suggest that evolutionary principles

Accepted Answer

Those who defend evolutionary psychology against criticism are most likely to suggest that evolutionary principles generate testable predictions. This is because evolutionary psychology posits that human behavior has evolved through the process of natural selection and that specific behaviors can be traced back to adaptive problems faced by our ancestors. As a result, evolutionary psychologists make testable predictions about human behavior based on these hypotheses. Defenders of evolutionary psychology often argue that its principles generate testable predictions, which make it a valid scientific theory.

Question 12

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes are called

Accepted Answer

Genes are the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes. They are responsible for transmitting traits from one generation to the next.

The other options are not relevant to the description of the units of heredity. Schemas are cognitive frameworks, epigenetic molecules are chemical structures that modify gene expression, and neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons.

Question 13

Social learning theorists emphasize that

Accepted Answer

Social learning theorists emphasize that observation and imitation play a crucial role in the development of gender identity. Children learn gender roles and behaviors by observing and imitating the behaviors of adults and peers. This includes behaviors related to gender identity, such as clothing, hairstyles, and mannerisms.

Question 14

The invention and transmission of dating and courtship customs best illustrate

Accepted Answer

Dating and courtship customs are specific to cultures and demonstrate the influence that culture has on behavior and social norms.

Question 15

The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most strongly emphasized in cultures characterized by

Accepted Answer

In individualistic cultures, personal fulfillment and individual desires, such as romance, are often prioritized in relationships, including marriage.

Question 16

Identical twins are most likely to share a similar prenatal environment if they share the same

Accepted Answer

Identical twins come from a single fertilized egg, which means they share the same placenta and amniotic sac. This also means they are more likely to be subjected to the same prenatal environment, including nutrition, toxins, and stress hormones. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 17

The preservation of innovation best illustrates the survival value of

Accepted Answer

Culture can preserve innovative solutions and technologies, passing them down through generations, providing an advantage in survival and adaptation to changing environments.

Question 18

In everyday behavior, men are LESS likely than women to

Accepted Answer

The answer of In everyday behavior, men are LESS likely...

Question 19

When looking for someone to whom they can confide their personal worries, women usually turn to ________ and men usually turn to ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When looking for someone to whom they...

Question 20

The labels "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are used to refer to differences in an infant's

Accepted Answer

The labels "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are used to refer to differences in an infant's temperament, which is their characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. These labels describe different patterns of behavior and emotional expression that infants exhibit, such as ease of adaptation to new experiences, intensity of emotional reactions, and overall mood. It is not related to gender schema, epigenetics, or gender typing.

Quiz 4: Developmg Through the Life Span