Question 1

Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

Accepted Answer

Attitudes refer to belief-based feelings, which are internal evaluations or judgments about an object, person, or situation. These attitudes can guide behavior by influencing our thoughts, emotions, and actions towards these objects, persons, or situations. Norms and roles refer to social expectations and behaviors, superordinate goals refer to shared objectives that transcend individual goals, and dispositional attributions refer to explanations for behavior based on personality traits or characteristics. Attitudes are belief-based feelings that shape behavior. These beliefs can be positive, negative, or anywhere in between and can be influenced by a variety of factors including social norms, personal experience, and cognitive processes.

Question 2

After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

Mrs. Montevecchi's behavior is an example of the reciprocity norm, which suggests that people feel obligated to give back to others who have given to them. She received a free gift and felt a sense of obligation to reciprocate by making a donation.

Question 3

Anton is the only juror to favor acquittal of the defendant in a murder trial. To influence the majority he should

Accepted Answer

Anton should be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint. This will make him appear more credible and may help persuade some members of the majority to reconsider their position. Being uncertain or presenting his argument briefly may not have as much impact, and targeting a specific member may lead to defensiveness and pushback.

Question 4

At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between

Accepted Answer

Aaron's conscious beliefs and attitudes may not align with his automatic reactions, indicating a difference between his explicit (conscious) and implicit (automatic) attitudes, as described in option C. Options A, B, and D do not accurately describe or relate to Aaron's situation. Aaron's conscious beliefs and attitudes towards other races may not reflect his automatic and unconscious feelings towards them, which is why the distinction between explicit (conscious) and implicit (unconscious) attitudes is most relevant in this scenario.

Question 5

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the

Accepted Answer

The social-responsibility norm is the expectation that people will help others who are dependent on them, such as children, elderly, or disabled individuals. This norm is influenced by cultural and societal factors and often guides behaviors related to social justice and pro-social behavior. The social-responsibility norm is the expectation that people will help those who depend on them, particularly those who are unable to help themselves. Ingoup bias refers to favoring one's own group over others. Just-world phenomenon refers to the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Superordinate goal refers to a common goal that overrides differences among people and requires their cooperation to achieve it.

Question 6

After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon, where a small request (the 3-inch sign) is first made and then followed by a larger request (the unattractive sign) which is more likely to be agreed to after the initial compliance with the smaller request. This scenario best illustrates the foot-in-the-door phenomenon, where the initial small request (displaying a 3-inch sign) made the home owners more likely to comply with a larger request (displaying a very large and unattractive sign).

Question 7

After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

The lecture by respected medical authorities is an example of informational social influence, which refers to the influence of others' opinions or information on our own behavior or beliefs. Raul was likely persuaded by the information provided about the benefits of exercise and decided to change his behavior as a result. Raul's decision to start jogging is based on the information provided by respected medical authorities. This is an example of informational social influence, where an individual conforms to the opinions or attitudes of respected experts or authorities.

Question 8

Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if

Accepted Answer

Alex is likely to conform to the opinion of his hockey teammates if he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team. Group pressure is more likely to influence someone who feels they need to fit in and be accepted by their peers. If Alex feels that conforming to the group's opinion will help him gain acceptance, he is more likely to do so. The other answer choices are not pertinent to the situation and do not affect the likelihood of conformity. Alex is more likely to conform to the opinion of his teammates if he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team. This is because he may be motivated to fit in and be accepted by the group, even if it means going against his own beliefs. The other options are less likely to influence his conformity.

Question 9

An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.

Accepted Answer

The concept of interracial contact suggests that increased contact between different races can lead to a reduction in prejudice and more positive attitudes towards each other. Therefore, an increase in interracial contact is the most likely explanation for the observed positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks. The other options - the other-race effect, implicit prejudice, and deindividuation - do not necessarily account for the observed phenomenon. Interracial contact refers to interactions between people of different races. Studies have shown that increased interracial contact can lead to more positive attitudes towards people of other races. This has been observed in South Africa, where an increase in interracial contact has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.

Question 10

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

The just-world phenomenon refers to the human tendency to believe that individuals get what they deserve in life. Believing that the victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins can be seen as a manifestation of this belief. The eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins can be explained by the just-world phenomenon - the idea that people deserve what they get, and thus, in some way, the victims must have brought the disaster upon themselves.

Question 11

Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by

Accepted Answer

The mention of successful fights resulting in increased aggression suggests that reinforcement plays a role in influencing aggression. The idea that animals become increasingly ferocious after successfully fighting for food or mates suggests that their aggression is reinforced or rewarded by getting what they want. This is an example of operant conditioning, where behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it.

Question 12

Aleksis has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior continues, it is likely that Aleksis will

Accepted Answer

The answer of Aleksis has recently begun to bully and...

Question 13

Aggressive behavior is most likely to be ________ by injections of testosterone and ________ by consumption of alcohol.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Aggressive behavior is most likely to be...

Question 14

Although President Obama is of mixed race, White Americans typically perceive and label him as Black. Researchers believe this happens because White observers ________ the distinctive physical features of the less-familiar Black minority.

Accepted Answer

Selective attention involves focusing on certain information and ignoring other information. In this case, White Americans may selectively attend to President Obama's darker skin color and other physical features that they associate with Black individuals, leading them to perceive and label him as Black rather than mixed race. Selective attention refers to the tendency to focus on certain aspects of a situation while ignoring others. In this case, White Americans may selectively attend to Obama's darker skin color and other physical features that are stereotypically associated with Black individuals, leading them to perceive him as Black.

Question 15

After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes.

Accepted Answer

Role playing refers to adopting the attitudes and behaviors that are expected of a particular role, such as a high-level executive in a large company. Therefore, Jorana's change in attitudes towards being more pro-business can be attributed to her new role and responsibilities. Deindividuation, social facilitation, and mirror-image perceptions are not directly related to Jorana's situation. Role playing refers to the process of assuming a particular role in order to learn about and experience that perspective. In this case, Jorana's promotion to a high-level executive position likely involved taking on new responsibilities and perspectives, which may have influenced her political attitudes towards business.

Question 16

After watching a large number of sexually violent movies, Ollie will probably be

Accepted Answer

The answer of After watching a large number of sexually...

Question 17

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of

Accepted Answer

The just-world phenomenon refers to the tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and this can lead people to believe that victims of a natural disaster must have done something to deserve it, thus the eagerness to believe that they are being punished by God for their sins. The belief that individuals get the outcomes they deserve is known as the just-world phenomenon. When people believe this, they may assume that victims of natural disasters are being punished for their sins, and this can lead to victim blaming.

Question 18

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect refers to the phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus - in this case, the gruff and scowling old bus driver - increases our liking for it. Cindy's affection for the bus driver is likely a result of being exposed to him every day on her commute. The mere exposure effect is the tendency for people to feel more positively toward a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure to it. In this case, Cindy has developed affection for the bus driver because she has been exposed to him on a daily basis for three months.

Question 19

Attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behavior either to their

Accepted Answer

Attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behavior either to their dispositions (internal factors such as personality traits) or their situations (external factors such as environmental or situational factors). This is known as the fundamental attribution error. Attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behavior either to their dispositions (internal characteristics such as personality traits) or their situations (external factors such as context and environment). This is known as the fundamental attribution error, where we often overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining someone's behavior.

Question 20

Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid

Accepted Answer

Aggression-replacement programs aim to reduce aggressive behavior in individuals, and one of the key ways to do this is by modeling non-violent behavior. Therefore, they are likely to advise parents to avoid modeling violence. Aggression-replacement programs focus on reducing violent behavior in individuals, and modeling violence is a known factor that contributes to increased aggression. Therefore, the program would advise parents to avoid modeling violence in front of their children.

Quiz 14: Stress and Health