Question 1

Bidirectional influences rely on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Bidirectional influences involve the interaction between heredity and environment, where both factors influence each other in shaping an individual's development.

Question 2

Carolyn plays with her neighbor in the backyard, creating an imaginary world full of wizards and dwarfs. This would correspond with which component of the bioecological model?

Accepted Answer

Proximal processes refer to the interactions and activities that occur regularly and directly influence development, such as Carolyn's play with her neighbor.

Question 3

Self-efficacy in social cognitive theory refers to:

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to achieve goals and overcome obstacles in order to perform specific tasks. This belief is a key element of social cognitive theory and affects a person's motivation, behavior, and overall well-being. The other choices (A, B, and C) are not accurate descriptions of self-efficacy.

Question 4

Misaki became afraid of a strange noise she heard, so she crawled over to her father and reached for him. He smiled and picked her up, which made her smile and snuggle closer to him and became calm. According to the bioecological model, this is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of reciprocal interactions because Misaki's behavior (crawling over and reaching for her father) and her father's response (picking her up and comforting her) are mutually influencing each other in an ongoing interaction.

Question 5

In the bioecological model, __________ is synonymous with reciprocal interactions.

Accepted Answer

Proximal processes refer to the reciprocal interactions between an individual and their environment, which are central to the bioecological model.

Question 6

The __________ is the environmental layer in which an individual is not actually present, but it influences them anyway.

Accepted Answer

The exosystem refers to the environmental settings that indirectly affect an individual, even though they do not have an active role in them.

Question 7

After several months of refusing to do so, Elsie now shares her toys with her sister. Which of the following theories would suggest Elsie learned this behavior by watching others share?

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive learning theory suggests that people can learn new behaviors by observing others, which is likely how Elsie learned to share her toys.

Question 8

Why has operant conditioning disappeared from the mainstream of modern science?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning has been criticized for not adequately considering biological factors in behavior, focusing instead on environmental influences and reinforcement.

Question 9

Randy's parents talk with his teachers often to make sure they know what he is learning in school and how he is doing there. According to the bioecological model, Randy has a healthy:

Accepted Answer

The mesosystem refers to the interactions between different parts of a person's microsystem, such as the relationship between parents and teachers, which influences the child's development.

Question 10

Reid is a well-adjusted 9-year-old. His parents have given him age-appropriate tasks and have modeled successful problem solving. According to social cognitive theory, Reid is likely to develop:

Accepted Answer

According to social cognitive theory, self-efficacy is developed through observing and modeling behaviors, as well as through successful experiences. Reid's parents have modeled successful problem solving, which likely contributes to his development of self-efficacy.

Question 11

The __________ refers to the relationship among the microsystems of the bioecological model.

Accepted Answer

The mesosystem refers to the interconnections and relationships among the different microsystems in the bioecological model, such as the interactions between a child's family and school.

Question 12

Which of the following statements regarding Bandura's research on modeling and aggression is accurate?

Accepted Answer

Bandura's research, particularly the Bobo doll experiment, demonstrated that children who were exposed to aggressive models (whether live, filmed, or cartoon) exhibited more aggressive behavior than those in the control group who were not exposed to such models. This finding supports the social learning theory, which posits that people can learn new behaviors through observation and imitation of others.

Question 13

The __________ refers to the innermost environmental system according to the bioecological model.

Accepted Answer

The microsystem is the innermost environmental system according to the bioecological model, which refers to the immediate environment in which an individual lives and interacts, such as family, peers, school, and community. The macrosystem refers to the larger cultural context in which the individual lives, while the exosystem refers to settings in which the individual does not directly participate but that affect them, such as the workplace of a parent. The mesosystem refers to the interconnections among different microsystems, such as the relationship between a child’s school and family.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a component of the bioecological model?

Accepted Answer

The bioecological model, developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner, includes components such as Process, Person, Context, and Time (PPCT). Observation is not one of these components.

Question 15

Who created the bioecological model of development?

Accepted Answer

Uri Bronfenbrenner created the bioecological model of development.

Question 16

Mathilde is anxious when she is at home, because she never knows when her parents are going to get into a fight with one of them storming out of the house. Mathilde is lacking security in the __________ of her environment.

Accepted Answer

The microsystem refers to the immediate environment in which a person lives and interacts, such as family and home. Mathilde's anxiety is due to the lack of security in her home environment, which is part of her microsystem.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a premise of social cognitive learning theory?

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive learning theory does not state that a person learns most effectively by being directly reinforced. Instead, it emphasizes the importance of observing others and the consequences of their actions.

Question 18

__________ refers to the fact that we respond to those around us in a way that causes them to change.

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal interactions refer to the mutual influence individuals have on each other, where one's behavior can cause changes in another's behavior.

Question 19

"I make my own luck; I don't wait for the dice to roll my way." This statement reflects:

Accepted Answer

The statement reflects a strong sense of self-efficacy, as it indicates confidence in one's ability to influence outcomes rather than relying on chance.

Question 20

__________ would most strongly disagree with the statement "Children learn from what you say, not what you do."

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura would most strongly disagree with the statement because his social learning theory emphasizes that children learn through observation and imitation of others' behaviors, highlighting the importance of actions over words.

Quiz 2: Theories of Development: Interpreting the Lifespan