Question 1

Which cerebellar structure is important in the maintenance of balance and the control of eye movements?

Accepted Answer

The flocculonodular lobe (also known as the vestibulocerebellum) is important in the maintenance of balance and the control of eye movements. The vermis is also involved in balance and coordination, but less so in eye movements. The primary fissure divides the cerebellum into anterior and posterior lobes, which are involved in coordination of movements and the planning and execution of voluntary movements, respectively.

Question 2

The ________ link the cerebellum with the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum.

Accepted Answer

The superior cerebellar peduncles are the largest of the three peduncles and connect the cerebellum with the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum. The inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum with the medulla oblongata, while the middle cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum with the pons. The arbor vitae is the tree-like pattern of white matter within the cerebellum itself. The tectum refers to the dorsal part of the midbrain, which includes the superior and inferior colliculi.

Question 3

Which of the five cerebral lobes isthe one not visible on the surface of the brain?

Accepted Answer

The insula is the only cerebral lobe that is not visible on the surface of the brain. It is located deep within the lateral sulcus and can only be seen by pulling apart the overlying cortical regions. The other four cerebral lobes (frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal) are visible on the surface of the brain.

Question 4

Balance and equilibrium are functions of the ________ nerve.

Accepted Answer

Balance and equilibrium are functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve, which is also known as the eighth cranial nerve (N VIII).

Question 5

Centers in the ________ adjust and coordinate the activities of autonomic centers in other parts of the brainstem concerned with regulating heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestive functions.

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating basic autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestion. It also plays a key role in coordinating and integrating the activities of other autonomic centers in the brainstem.

Question 6

The inferior cerebellar peduncles ________.

Accepted Answer

The inferior cerebellar peduncles link the cerebellum with the medulla oblongata and spinal cord, and are involved in the subconscious coordination and control of ongoing movements of body parts.

Question 7

The cerebellum coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments that maintain balance and equilibrium; such alterations in muscle tone and position are made by modifying the activity of the ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The cerebellum coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments that...

Question 8

The primary gustatory cortex processes information about ________ and is located in the ________.

Accepted Answer

The primary gustatory cortex processes information about taste and is located in the insula.

Question 9

The occipital lobe contains (the)________.

Accepted Answer

The occipital lobe is responsible for processing vision, thus it contains the visual cortex.

Question 10

The cerebellum receives proprioceptive information from which structure?

Accepted Answer

Proprioceptive information refers to information about the position and movement of the body's own limbs and muscles. This information is sent from sensory receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints via sensory neurons in the spinal cord. Therefore, the cerebellum receives proprioceptive information from the spinal cord.

Question 11

The lateral rectus muscle is innervated by which cranial nerve?

Accepted Answer

The lateral rectus muscle, responsible for moving the eye laterally (away from the midline), is innervated by the abducens nerve, which is cranial nerve VI (N VI).

Question 12

Which of the following cranial nerves have mixed sensory and motor functions?

Accepted Answer

Cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) have both mixed sensory and motor functions.

Question 13

Which part of the basal nuclei controls and adjusts muscle tone, particularly in the appendicular muscles?

Accepted Answer

The globus pallidus, specifically the internal segment of the globus pallidus, is responsible for controlling and adjusting muscle tone, particularly in the appendicular muscles.

Question 14

The mandibular branch is the largest branch of the ________ nerve.

Accepted Answer

The mandibular branch is a branch of the trigeminal nerve, also known as cranial nerve V.

Question 15

When a person is walking, which structure(s) control(s)the cycles of arm and leg movements that occur between the time the decision is made to "start walking" and the time the "stop" order is given?

Accepted Answer

The caudate nucleus and putamen, together known as the striatum, are responsible for initiating and controlling the cycles of arm and leg movements while walking. They receive information from the cortex and basal ganglia and send output to the thalamus, which then relays the signal to the motor cortex to initiate movement. The globus pallidus is involved in regulating movement, but not specifically in controlling the cycles of arm and leg movements during walking. The amygdaloid body is involved in emotion and memory, and the claustrum is involved in attention and consciousness, but neither is directly involved in controlling movement.

Question 16

The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemispheres is the ________.

Accepted Answer

The corpus callosum is a broad band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain and allows for communication between them. The other options listed also play a role in interhemispheric communication, but the corpus callosum is the major pathway.

Question 17

The precentral gyrus forms the ________.

Accepted Answer

The precentral gyrus forms the anterior margin of the central sulcus, which is a key landmark in the brain separating the frontal and parietal lobes.

Question 18

The jugular foramen is the site for ingress and egress of which cranial nerves?

Accepted Answer

The jugular foramen is the site for the passage of cranial nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), and XI (Accessory).

Question 19

The primary somatosensory cortex is found in which cerebral structure?

Accepted Answer

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe, which is responsible for processing sensory information such as touch, pain, and temperature. Other lobes mentioned in the options have different functions, such as the frontal lobe which is involved in higher-order cognitive activities and the occipital lobe which is responsible for processing visual information. The insula and temporal lobes are also involved in different sensory and cognitive functions, but not specifically related to somatosensation.

Question 20

In which area is the speech center (Broca's area)usually located?

Accepted Answer

Broca's area is typically located in the frontal lobe of the brain, specifically in the left hemisphere for the majority of individuals. This area is involved in language production and speech formation.

Quiz 16: The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves