Question 1

Which renal disorders are considered causes of intrarenal renal failure? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Intrarenal (intrinsic)acute kidney injury (AKI)may result from ischemic ATN,nephrotoxic ATN,acute glomerulonephritis,vascular disease,allograft rejection,or interstitial disease (drug allergy,infection,tumor growth).Prostatic hypertrophy is not associated with intrarenal renal failure.

Question 2

How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?

Accepted Answer

This selection is the only option that accurately describes glucose metabolism,causing potassium to move to the intracellular fluid; insulin infusions therefore can be effective in shifting potassium from the extracellular to intracellular space,along with the transport of glucose.

Question 3

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Impairment to the bladder,interfering with normal bladder contraction and causing residual urine and ascending infection

Accepted Answer

Neurogenic bladder can impair bladder contraction, leading to residual urine and increased risk of ascending infections, which can cause pyelonephritis.

Question 4

What are considered risk factors for developing bladder and kidney cancers? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Risk factors for renal cancer include cigarette smoking,obesity,and hypertension.The risk of primary bladder cancer is greater among people who smoke or those who are exposed to metabolites of aniline dyes or other aromatic amines or chemicals and with heavy consumption of phenacetin.Gender is not a recognized risk factor.

Question 5

When the right kidney is obstructed,how will the glomeruli and tubules in the left kidney compensate?

Accepted Answer

These processes cause the contralateral (unobstructed)kidney to increase the size of individual glomeruli and tubules.The changes described by the other options are not correct.

Question 6

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Dilation and relaxation of the ureter with hydroureter and hydronephrosis

Accepted Answer

Pregnancy can cause dilation and relaxation of the ureter due to hormonal changes, leading to hydroureter and hydronephrosis, which can predispose to pyelonephritis.

Question 7

In glomerulonephritis,what damages the epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Activated complement,inflammatory cytokines,oxidants,proteases,and growth factors attack epithelial cells,alter membrane permeability,and cause proteinuria.None of the other options are responsible for this process.

Question 8

Which statements are true concerning struvite stones? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Women are at greater risk for developing struvite stones,but the risk is greater because women have an increased incidence of urinary tract infections not because of chronic laxative use.Such stones grow large and branch into a staghorn configuration and are associated with Pseudomonas.

Question 9

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Chronic reflux of urine up the ureter and into the kidney during micturition,contributing to bacterial infection

Accepted Answer

Vesicoureteral reflux refers to the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back up into the ureter and kidney which can contribute to bacterial infection in the kidney.

Answer: A 
 Kidney stones can obstruct the urinary tract and contribute to stasis of urine, allowing bacteria to grow and cause infection.

Answer: C 
 Pregnancy causes anatomical changes in the urinary tract that can lead to stasis of urine and increase susceptibility to bacterial infection.

Answer: D 
 Neurogenic bladder refers to a bladder that doesn't function properly due to nerve damage, leading to urine stasis and increased susceptibility to bacterial infection.

Answer: E 
 Female sexual trauma can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract and contribute to infection, but it is not a common predisposing factor for pyelonephritis.

Question 10

Prerenal injury from poor perfusion can result from which condition? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Poor perfusion can result from renal artery thrombosis,hypotension related to hypovolemia (dehydration,diarrhea,fluid shifts)or hemorrhage,renal vasoconstriction and alterations in renal regional blood flow,microthrombi,or kidney edema that restricts arterial blood flow.Bilateral ureteral obstruction is not associated with prerenal injuries.

Question 11

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Obstruction and stasis of urine,contributing to bacteremia and hydronephrosis; irritation of epithelial lining with entrapment of bacteria

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to...

Question 12

Which statements are true regarding renal colic? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Renal colic is described as moderate-to-severe pain often originating in the flank and radiating to the groin.It usually indicates obstruction by renal stones of the renal pelvis or proximal ureter.

Question 13

Which conditions related to the bladder would result from the effects of lesions of the sacral segments below S1? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Lesions that involve the sacral micturition center (below S1; may also be termed cauda equina syndrome)or peripheral nerve lesions result in detrusor areflexia (acontractile detrusor),a lower motor neuron disorder.The result is an acontractile detrusor or atonic bladder with retention of urine and distention.The other options are associated with neurologic lesions that occur between C2 and S1

Question 14

What medical term is used to identify a functional urinary tract obstruction caused by an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder?

Accepted Answer

Neurogenic bladder is a general term for bladder dysfunction caused by neurologic disorders.The types of dysfunction are related to the sites in the nervous system that control sensory and motor bladder function

Question 15

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Movement of organisms from the urethra into the bladder with infection and retrograde spread to the kidney

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to...

Question 16

Which statement is false concerning the skeletal alterations caused by chronic renal failure when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)declines to 25% of normal?

Accepted Answer

Bone and skeletal changes develop with alterations in calcium and phosphate metabolism

Question 17

Anemia of chronic renal failure can be successfully treated with which element?

Accepted Answer

Anemia of chronic renal failure can be successfully treated with erythropoietin.Reduced erythropoietin secretion and reduced red cell production are evident in anemia resulting from chronic renal failure.The other options are not relevant to this condition.

Question 18

Creatinine is primarily excreted by glomerular filtration after being constantly released from what type of tissue?

Accepted Answer

Creatinine is constantly released from only muscle tissue to be excreted by glomerular filtration.

Quiz 38: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Which renal disorders are considered causes of intrarenal renal failure? (Select all that apply.)

How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Impairment to the bladder,interfering with normal bladder contraction and causing residual urine and ascending infection

What are considered risk factors for developing bladder and kidney cancers? (Select all that apply.)

When the right kidney is obstructed,how will the glomeruli and tubules in the left kidney compensate?

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Dilation and relaxation of the ureter with hydroureter and hydronephrosis

In glomerulonephritis,what damages the epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria? (Select all that apply.)

Which statements are true concerning struvite stones? (Select all that apply.)

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Chronic reflux of urine up the ureter and into the kidney during micturition,contributing to bacterial infection

Prerenal injury from poor perfusion can result from which condition? (Select all that apply.)

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Obstruction and stasis of urine,contributing to bacteremia and hydronephrosis; irritation of epithelial lining with entrapment of bacteria

Which statements are true regarding renal colic? (Select all that apply.)

Which conditions related to the bladder would result from the effects of lesions of the sacral segments below S1? (Select all that apply.)

What medical term is used to identify a functional urinary tract obstruction caused by an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder?

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Movement of organisms from the urethra into the bladder with infection and retrograde spread to the kidney

Which statement is false concerning the skeletal alterations caused by chronic renal failure when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines to 25% of normal?

Anemia of chronic renal failure can be successfully treated with which element?

Creatinine is primarily excreted by glomerular filtration after being constantly released from what type of tissue?