Question 1

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with the production of ammonia, urea, and uric acid.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with...

Question 2

Simple epithelial cells of the renal tubule have abundant __________ to increase the surface area for reabsorption and numerous __________ to provide energy for actively transporting materials.
A) microvilli; mitochondria
B) cilia; mitochondria
C) microvilli; Golgi complexes
D) cilia; Golgi complexes
E) cilia; capillaries

Accepted Answer

Simple epithelial cells of the renal tubule have microvilli to increase their surface area for reabsorption and mitochondria to provide energy for actively transporting materials.

Question 3

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?
A) It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to sodium so more is reabsorbed.
B) It causes a high volume of less concentrated urine to be produced.
C) It increases aldosterone secretion.
D) It decreases renin secretion.
E) It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water so more is reabsorbed.

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water so that more water can be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This leads to a decreased urine output and a more concentrated urine. ADH is important in regulating the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.

Question 4

Atrial natriuretic peptide has been found to:
A) decrease sodium secretion and increase blood pressure.
B) constrict afferent arterioles, decreasing the glomerular filtration rate.
C) be produced by the adrenal cortex.
D) inhibit sodium reabsorption by the collecting ducts by inhibiting secretion of aldosterone.
E) increase the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits sodium reabsorption in the kidneys by reducing the secretion of aldosterone, leading to increased sodium excretion and decreased blood pressure.

Question 5

Which of the following would increase the production of highly diluted urine?
A) decreased secretion of aldosterone
B) increased salt in the diet
C) decreased blood pressure
D) increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
E) increased sweat production

Accepted Answer

Decreased secretion of aldosterone would lead to less reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys, resulting in more diluted urine.

Question 6

The secretion of __________ is an important homeostatic mechanism involved in maintaining normal heart rhythm.
A) hydrogen ions
B) potassium
C) water
D) glucose
E) urea

Accepted Answer

Potassium is crucial for maintaining normal heart rhythm as it helps regulate the electrical activity of the heart.

Question 7

Podocytes are located in the wall of:
A) Bowman's capsule.
B) the glomerulus.
C) the peritubular capillaries.
D) the renal artery.
E) the proximal convoluted tubule.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Podocytes are located in the wall of:
A)...

Question 8

Glomerular capillary walls and podocytes form a __________ that allows fluid and small solutes in plasma to pass through and become part of the filtrate.
A) glomerular filtrate
B) tubular transport
C) renal threshold
D) filtration membrane
E) filtration slits

Accepted Answer

The glomerular capillary walls and podocytes form a filtration membrane that allows fluid and small solutes in plasma to pass through and become part of the filtrate. Option A refers to the end result of this filtration process. Option B refers to the movement of filtrate along the renal tubules. Option C refers to the maximum concentration of a substance that can be reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood. Option E refers to the narrow gaps between the podocyte foot processes that allow small solutes to pass through.

Question 9

In which of the following is there a counterflow of filtrate?
A) distal convoluted tubule
B) loop of Henle
C) proximal convoluted tubule
D) collecting duct
E) glomerulus

Accepted Answer

The loop of Henle in the nephron of the kidney is where countercurrent multiplication occurs, involving a counterflow of filtrate that helps concentrate urine.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true of filtration by the kidneys?
A) About 25% of the plasma passing through the glomerulus becomes part of the glomerular filtrate.
B) Solutes dissolved in the plasma, such as glucose, amino acids, and various salts, become part of the filtrate.
C) The normal glomerular filtration rate adds up to about 80 L every 24 hours.
D) Approximately 75% of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood through the renal tubules.
E) The filtration membrane prevents the passage of cells, but allows large molecules to pass through.

Accepted Answer

Solutes like glucose, amino acids, and salts are small enough to pass through the filtration membrane and become part of the filtrate.

Question 11

Which of the following is only partially reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
A) glucose
B) amino acids
C) sodium ions
D) vitamins
E) nutrients

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is only partially...

Question 12

Which of the following would not be secreted across the tubule?
A) ammonium ions
B) hydrogen ions
C) creatinine
D) carbon dioxide
E) penicillin

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide is not secreted across the renal tubule; it diffuses into cells and is converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

Question 13

Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed through the walls of the:
A) distal convoluted tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) glomerulus.

Accepted Answer

The majority of the filtrate (approximately 65%) is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, which has a large surface area covered in microvilli to increase reabsorption efficiency. The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct play a greater role in fine-tuning the composition of the urine, rather than reabsorbing large amounts of filtrate. The loop of Henle is involved in creating a concentration gradient in the kidney. The glomerulus is where filtration of blood occurs, not reabsorption.

Question 14

Which of the following would not be a component of normal urine?
A) water
B) urea
C) bile pigments
D) salts
E) glucose

Accepted Answer

Glucose is not a component of normal urine; its presence may indicate a condition like diabetes.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the loop of Henle is true?
A) The walls of the descending loop are relatively impermeable to water.
B) The walls of the descending loop are relatively permeable to sodium.
C) The walls of the ascending loop are relatively permeable to water.
D) The walls of the ascending loop are relatively permeable to sodium.
E) The loop of Henle is specialized to produce a low concentration of sodium chloride in the medulla.

Accepted Answer

The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water but actively transports sodium and chloride ions out, making it permeable to sodium.

Question 16

Secretion occurs mainly in the:
A) distal convoluted tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) glomerulus.

Accepted Answer

Secretion, the process of moving substances from the blood into the urine, primarily occurs in the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 17

Low blood pressure would result in all of the following except:
A) a reduction in glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
B) a reduction in filtrate formation.
C) a reduction in urine formation.
D) a reduction in the number of filtration slits.
E) a stimulation of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway.

Accepted Answer

Low blood pressure does not directly affect the number of filtration slits in the kidneys; these are structural components of the glomerulus and do not change in number due to blood pressure variations.

Question 18

What are the vasa recta?
A) looped extensions of the afferent arterioles
B) looped extensions of the efferent arterioles
C) regions of the renal tubule
D) vessels that supply blood to the glomerulus
E) vessels that supply blood to the proximal convoluted tubule

Accepted Answer

The vasa recta are looped extensions of the efferent arterioles that run parallel to the loops of Henle in the kidney, playing a crucial role in the concentration of urine.

Question 19

Diabetes insipidus results from an insufficient production of:
A) ADH.
B) aldosterone.
C) angiotensin II.
D) ANP.
E) renin.

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is caused by an insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. Its main function is to regulate the body's water balance by controlling the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. In DI, the body is unable to properly concentrate urine, leading to excessive urination and thirst.

Question 20

When you drink a large volume of water, the release of __________ by the pituitary gland __________.
A) aldosterone; increases
B) aldosterone; decreases
C) ADH; increases
D) ADH; decreases
E) ANP; increases

Accepted Answer

The answer of When you drink a large volume of...

Quiz 48: Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with the production of ammonia, urea, and uric acid.

Simple epithelial cells of the renal tubule have abundant to increase the surface area for reabsorption and numerous to provide energy for actively transporting materials.

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

Atrial natriuretic peptide has been found to:

Which of the following would increase the production of highly diluted urine?

The secretion of __________ is an important homeostatic mechanism involved in maintaining normal heart rhythm.

Podocytes are located in the wall of:

Glomerular capillary walls and podocytes form a __________ that allows fluid and small solutes in plasma to pass through and become part of the filtrate.

In which of the following is there a counterflow of filtrate?

Which of the following statements is true of filtration by the kidneys?

Which of the following is only partially reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Which of the following would not be secreted across the tubule?

Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed through the walls of the:

Which of the following would not be a component of normal urine?

Which of the following statements about the loop of Henle is true?

Secretion occurs mainly in the:

Low blood pressure would result in all of the following except:

What are the vasa recta?

Diabetes insipidus results from an insufficient production of:

When you drink a large volume of water, the release of by the pituitary gland .