Question 1

Linda Macdonald filed a lawsuit against the federal government after receiving "treatment" from Dr. Cameron, claiming that
A) the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) left her paralyzed from the waist down.
B) she was left in a drug induced coma for over 200 days.
C) her memory was erased for the first 26 years of her life.
D) she had suffered severe cognitive impairments after the combined drug therapy, ECT, and hypnosis.

Accepted Answer

Linda Macdonald filed a lawsuit against the federal government after receiving treatment from Dr. Cameron, claiming that her memory was erased for the first 26 years of her life. This was a result of the controversial psychiatric treatments she underwent, which were part of the MKUltra project.

Question 2

Simmons' (1987) review of archival evidence indicated several reasons for the use of psychosurgery (lobotomy) in Ontario, including
A) to increase intellectual capacity.
B) to erase traumatic memories.
C) out of curiosity.
D) requirements of Community Treatment Orders (CTO).

Accepted Answer

Simmons' review of archival evidence suggests that psychosurgery was carried out in Ontario out of curiosity. There is no evidence to suggest that it was used to increase intellectual capacity or to erase traumatic memories. The use of psychosurgery was not governed by Community Treatment Orders (CTO).

Question 3

In Cameron's unethical experiments in Montreal, the practice of bombarding patients with subliminal messages such as "You killed your mother" was called:
A) Displacement
B) Psychic driving
C) Oedipal priming
D) Cathartic engineering

Accepted Answer

The practice of bombarding patients with subliminal messages was called "psychic driving." Cameron believed that by doing this, he could break down a patient's existing personality and replace it with a new one.

Question 4

What was NOT one of the reasons cited by Simmons (1987) that psychosurgery was so popular in Ontario between the 1940s and the 1970s?
A) For the simple purpose of observing what would happen to patients with lobotomies.
B) For intervention in patients who were unable to afford long-term psychiatric care.
C) To decrease burden on psychiatric staff.
D) For experimental purposes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What was NOT one of the reasons...

Question 5

What is Montreal psychiatrist Dr. Ewen Cameron renowned for?
A) The prison conformity studies.
B) The shock conformity studies.
C) The beneficial brainwashing studies.
D) The effects of starvation studies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is Montreal psychiatrist Dr. Ewen Cameron...

Question 6

If you went to Josef Breuer for treatment of hysterical paralysis, which treatment would you most likely receive?
A) Hypnosis
B) Free association
C) Catharsis
D) Medication

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you went to Josef Breuer for...

Question 7

What was the reason for Charcot developing a psychogenic theory of hysteria?
A) His students were able to induce hysteria in a woman without his knowledge.
B) He was influenced heavily by Freud.
C) He believed there was a physical explanation for abnormal behaviour.
D) He found that hypnosis cured hysteria.

Accepted Answer

Charcot developed a psychogenic theory of hysteria after his students were able to induce hysteria in a woman without his knowledge, leading him to conclude that psychological factors, rather than purely physical ones, played a role in the disorder.

Question 8

Alan was admitted to the hospital complaining of dizzy spells and the fear that he might be dying. A medical exam showed that there was nothing physically wrong. Which explanation would least likely be offered by an advocate of the psychogenic hypothesis?
A) He had learned his symptoms from his upbringing.
B) His anxiety was driven by hypersensitivity to criticism.
C) He experienced difficulty during toilet training.
D) He is genetically predisposed as his father also suffers spells such as these.

Accepted Answer

The psychogenic hypothesis suggests that Alan's symptoms are caused by psychological factors, rather than physical ones. While genetics can certainly play a role in mental health, it would not be a likely explanation offered by a psychogenic perspective, as it focuses on environmental and emotional factors.

Question 9

Esther was a patient of Mesmer, who was treating her for blindness. What was the likely scenario when she entered his treatment room?
A) A quiet room, with a soft reclining chair.
B) A 'bleeding device' used to drain blood believed to be in excess and resulting in blindness.
C) A stock of chemical filled rods, with Mesmer presiding over the room in a purple robe.
D) A sterile well-lit room with several doctors in white laboratory coats.

Accepted Answer

Mesmer believed in the power of magnetism and used to have his patients sit around a large oak tub filled with iron filings and mineral water, holding hands with one another, implementing supposed magnetic poles that helped the individuals feel the effects of the energy field. Esther would have likely entered this room with the chemical-filled rods and found Mesmer presiding over the room in a purple robe.

Question 10

In 1977, it was discovered that Dr. Cameron's "experiments" on Canadian psychiatric patients were secretly funded by:
A) The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
B) The Canadian Security Intelligence Services (CSIS)
C) The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
D) The Office of Homeland Security (OHS)

Accepted Answer

Dr. Cameron's experiments were funded by a front organization for the CIA called the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology.

Question 11

What was NOT one of the cited problems with Dr. Cameron's studies?
A) Lack of consent.
B) Massive doses of hallucinogenic drugs were used.
C) The manipulations were beyond the limits of acceptable medical practice.
D) They included unnecessary lobotomies simply for the purpose of understanding how the brain works.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Cameron's studies were criticized for several ethical violations, including lack of consent, use of massive doses of hallucinogenic drugs, and manipulations beyond acceptable medical practice. However, performing unnecessary lobotomies simply to understand how the brain works was not cited as one of the problems with his studies.

Question 12

What was involved in Dr. Cameron's "psychic driving" technique, used in the 1950s?
A) The use of shock treatment in order to rebalance the brain's chemistry.
B) To induce coma.
C) The use of subliminal messages.
D) To use the therapist's nonverbal behaviour to control patient's behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Cameron's "psychic driving" technique involved the use of subliminal messages in order to manipulate and control the thoughts and behaviors of his patients. This technique was part of his controversial experiments in mind control during the 1950s.

Question 13

According to Canadian Press accounts, what did Montreal psychiatrist, Dr. Ewen Cameron, do to his patients that was of interest to the CIA?
A) Conducted studies without patient consent
B) Administered large doses of hallucinogenic drugs
C) Filmed patients during treatment without their knowledge
D) Implanted false memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA)

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Canadian Press accounts, what did...

Question 14

Ivy experienced paralysis in her left arm, but there was no neurological basis for her symptoms. This is an illustration of:
A) Psychogenic fugue
B) Hysteria
C) Posttraumatic stress disorder
D) Panic disorder

Accepted Answer

Paralysis without any neurological basis is a classic symptom of hysteria.

Question 15

In the unethical experiments conducted by Dr. Ewen Cameron of the Allen Memorial Institute at McGill University, patients were "treated" with all of the following, EXCEPT:
A) Lobotomies
B) Massive doses of LSD
C) Shock treatment
D) Psychic driving

Accepted Answer

Although Dr. Cameron did use shock treatment, massive doses of LSD, and psychic driving on his patients, he did not perform lobotomies on them.

Question 16

When was the last lobotomy performed in Ontario?
A) 1951
B) 1961
C) 1971
D) 1981

Accepted Answer

The last lobotomy in Ontario was performed in 1981. This surgical procedure, which involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex, was used to treat mental illnesses but fell out of favor due to its severe side effects and the development of more effective psychiatric treatments.

Question 17

Breuer observed an association between recalling past traumatic events and expression of the original emotion in hysterics. This resulted in:
A) Increased hysteria
B) Decreased hysteria
C) The emergence of new symptoms
D) The repression of emotions

Accepted Answer

Breuer's observation led to the development of the cathartic method, which involved recalling and expressing repressed emotions in order to reduce symptoms of hysteria. This suggests that the expression of the original emotion would lead to a decrease in hysteria, rather than an increase or emergence of new symptoms. The option of repression of emotions is also not applicable as the whole point of the cathartic method was to encourage expression of repressed emotions.

Question 18

What was the purpose of the treatments used by Dr. Ewen Cameron?
A) To erase traumatic memories of patients' pasts.
B) To determine whether false memories could be implanted.
C) To examine the extent to which people will conform to the experimenter's demands to shock another person.
D) To determine whether subjects' actions could be controlled through hypnosis.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Ewen Cameron's treatments aimed to erase patients' traumatic memories of their past. Known as "psychic driving," his methods involved subjecting patients to high doses of electroshock therapy, sensory deprivation, and drug-induced sleep. The purpose was to break down patients' personalities and reprogram them with new behaviors and thought patterns. The goal was to create a blank slate on which positive and healthy behaviors and thought patterns could be instilled.

Question 19

Which is TRUE regarding catharsis?
A) It is a moral therapy method.
B) It was initiated by Pinel.
C) It consists of drawing blood from a patient.
D) It encourages the release of emotional tension.

Accepted Answer

Catharsis refers to the process of releasing emotional tension or purging oneself of emotional concerns. It is not a moral therapy method, nor was it initiated by Pinel. Drawing blood from a patient is not a component of catharsis.

Question 20

What is the relevance of Mesmer's work to a psychogenic view of mental illness?
A) He postulated that hysterical disorders could be explained by physical symptoms.
B) His methods were similar to methods of driving out demons from a person.
C) He pioneered the cathartic method, where hysteria was reduced by talking.
D) He advocated the position that one person could influence change in another person's behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Mesmer's work is relevant to a psychogenic view of mental illness because he recognized the power of suggestion and the ability of one person to influence another's behavior. This idea supports the psychogenic explanation that mental illness can be caused by psychological factors rather than solely physical factors.

Quiz 1: Introduction Definitional And Historical Considerations, And Canada’s Mental Health System

Linda Macdonald filed a lawsuit against the federal government after receiving "treatment" from Dr. Cameron, claiming that

Simmons' (1987) review of archival evidence indicated several reasons for the use of psychosurgery (lobotomy) in Ontario, including

In Cameron's unethical experiments in Montreal, the practice of bombarding patients with subliminal messages such as "You killed your mother" was called:

What was NOT one of the reasons cited by Simmons (1987) that psychosurgery was so popular in Ontario between the 1940s and the 1970s?

What is Montreal psychiatrist Dr. Ewen Cameron renowned for?

If you went to Josef Breuer for treatment of hysterical paralysis, which treatment would you most likely receive?

What was the reason for Charcot developing a psychogenic theory of hysteria?

Alan was admitted to the hospital complaining of dizzy spells and the fear that he might be dying. A medical exam showed that there was nothing physically wrong. Which explanation would least likely be offered by an advocate of the psychogenic hypothesis?

Esther was a patient of Mesmer, who was treating her for blindness. What was the likely scenario when she entered his treatment room?

In 1977, it was discovered that Dr. Cameron's "experiments" on Canadian psychiatric patients were secretly funded by:

What was NOT one of the cited problems with Dr. Cameron's studies?

What was involved in Dr. Cameron's "psychic driving" technique, used in the 1950s?

According to Canadian Press accounts, what did Montreal psychiatrist, Dr. Ewen Cameron, do to his patients that was of interest to the CIA?

Ivy experienced paralysis in her left arm, but there was no neurological basis for her symptoms. This is an illustration of:

In the unethical experiments conducted by Dr. Ewen Cameron of the Allen Memorial Institute at McGill University, patients were "treated" with all of the following, EXCEPT:

When was the last lobotomy performed in Ontario?

Breuer observed an association between recalling past traumatic events and expression of the original emotion in hysterics. This resulted in:

What was the purpose of the treatments used by Dr. Ewen Cameron?

Which is TRUE regarding catharsis?

What is the relevance of Mesmer's work to a psychogenic view of mental illness?