Question 1

Klinger and colleagues (2005) have shown that virtual reality (VR) exposure is just as effective as ___________ for treating phobias

Accepted Answer

Klinger and colleagues (2005) found that virtual reality (VR) exposure was just as effective as group cognitive-behavioural therapy for treating phobias. They did not compare VR exposure to psychoanalytic therapy, psychopharmacology, or relaxation training.

Question 2

According to Clark's analysis of faulty appraisals that contribute to obsessions, people with obsessions overestimate:

Accepted Answer

According to Clark's analysis, people with obsessions tend to overestimate the importance of their thoughts, the need for thought control, and the degree of threat posed by their thoughts or situations. Therefore, all of the above statements are correct.

Question 3

Hillary is beginning behavioural treatment for blood-injection phobia. She is most likely to begin therapy by

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hillary is beginning behavioural treatment for blood-injection...

Question 4

Adler viewed obsessive-compulsive disorder as due to:

Accepted Answer

Adler believed that obsessive-compulsive disorder was the result of a personal sense of incompetence and inferiority. Individuals with this disorder often feel an overwhelming need to be perfect in order to compensate for their feelings of inadequacy.

Question 5

Systematic desensitization consists of

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization involves exposing the patient to a series of increasingly fearful stimuli while deeply relaxed. This process helps to diminish anxiety and fear responses to the stimuli.

Question 6

When about to get a needle, people with blood-and-injection phobias are encouraged to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of When about to get a needle, people...

Question 7

PET scan studies have found ___________ in patients diagnosed with OCD.

Accepted Answer

PET scan studies have consistently shown increased activation in the frontal lobes, particularly the orbitofrontal cortex, in patients diagnosed with OCD. This hyperactivity in the frontal lobes is thought to contribute to the intrusive, recurrent thoughts and compulsive behaviors characteristic of the disorder.

Question 8

The obsessive thought that "if I have unwanted thoughts of harming others, then I must be a latent psychopath", is an example of which type of 'faulty appraisal'?

Accepted Answer

Catastrophic misinterpretation of significance is the faulty appraisal of interpreting unwanted thoughts as indicative of one's character or future actions, leading to a catastrophic outcome. The idea that having thoughts of harm means you are a psychopath is an example of this type of faulty appraisal.

Question 9

When presented with dirty items, Rauch et al. (1994) found that people with contamination fears resulting from OCD show increased regional blood flow to the:

Accepted Answer

The basal ganglia and frontal lobe are involved in the regulation of anxiety and compulsive behaviors, which are characteristic of OCD. Increased regional blood flow to these areas in response to dirty items is consistent with the heightened anxiety and urge to engage in compulsive cleaning behaviors seen in individuals with contamination fears related to OCD.

Question 10

Cognitive and behavioural therapies for phobias are unified by their emphasis upon:

Accepted Answer

Both cognitive and behavioral therapies for phobias involve direct exposure to the feared situation or object, as well as learning new ways of thinking about and responding to it. While relaxation techniques (such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation) may be incorporated, they are not the primary focus of these therapies. Exploring unconscious factors is more commonly associated with psychoanalytic or psychodynamic approaches, while medication is typically used as a secondary treatment option or in conjunction with therapy.

Question 11

Dysfunction in the ___________________ brain region has been linked to both OCD and Tourette's syndrome.

Accepted Answer

The basal ganglia is a brain region involved in motor control, habitual behaviors, and inhibitory control. Dysfunction in this region has been linked to both OCD and Tourette's syndrome, which are characterized by repetitive, unwanted movements or thoughts that individuals struggle to control. The other options, such as the corpus callosum (involved in communication between the two hemispheres of the brain), hypothalamus (involved in regulating hormones and bodily functions), and cingulate gyrus (involved in emotion and decision making) do not have as strong of a link to these specific disorders.

Question 12

Izzy frequently feels that when he is driving, he accidently hit someone and left the scene of the accident. If Izzy was in treatment with a therapist who was Adlerian, the therapist would view his obsessions as

Accepted Answer

Adlerian therapy emphasizes the importance of a person's need to feel capable, competent, and in control of their environment. Izzy's obsession with accidentally hitting someone and leaving the scene of the accident may be viewed as a manifestation of his desire to gain mastery and competence in the area of driving. Therefore, the therapist would see this as an effort to achieve a sense of control and competency.

Question 13

Because only 40-60% of OCD sufferers do not respond to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), current research (Van Nieuwerburgh et al., 2009) is now concentrating on:

Accepted Answer

Research is now focusing on genetic polymorphisms, which may play a role in why some individuals with OCD do not respond to SSRIs. This approach may help personalize treatment plans for individuals with OCD.

Question 14

A study of compulsive checkers (people who continually check to see if they have done something such as turning off the stove) found that these individuals

Accepted Answer

The study found that compulsive checkers have a memory deficit for actions they have performed, which is why they feel the need to continually check if they have done something.

Question 15

According to the psychoanalytic view, obsessive-compulsive disorder is a result of

Accepted Answer

According to the psychoanalytic view, obsessive-compulsive disorder is a result of struggles to control instinctual impulses. Obsessive-compulsive behavior is believed to serve as a way to manage anxiety caused by internal conflicts related to unacceptable and primitive impulses.

Question 16

Relaxation plus exposure is NOT recommended as a treatment for:

Accepted Answer

Blood and injection phobia often involves a drop in blood pressure and heart rate, which can lead to fainting. Relaxation techniques may lower both of these even further, potentially causing fainting or other physical symptoms. Gradual exposure with cognitive behavioral therapy is a more effective treatment for this phobia.

Question 17

Exposing the client to the source of the phobia at full intensity is known as:

Accepted Answer

Exposing the client to the source of the phobia at full intensity is known as flooding. Desensitizing involves gradual exposure to the phobia trigger, while blasting and extinguishing are not commonly used terms in the context of phobia treatment.

Question 18

Which of the following therapies has become discouraged for the treatment of blood-and-injection phobias because of its increased tendency to cause fainting?

Accepted Answer

Relaxation training has become discouraged for the treatment of blood-and-injection phobias because it can increase the likelihood of fainting. This is due to the unique physiological response associated with these phobias, where blood pressure and heart rate initially increase but then drop, leading to fainting. Relaxation techniques can exacerbate this drop in blood pressure, increasing the risk of fainting.

Question 19

Behaviourism is to avoidance as psychoanalytic is to:

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theory places a strong emphasis on the unconscious motivations behind behavior, particularly those stemming from early childhood experiences and repressed desires. Avoidance behavior is a concept more closely aligned with behaviorism, which views behavior as primarily shaped by environmental factors and learned through conditioning. Secondary gain, on the other hand, is a psychoanalytic concept that refers to the potential benefits or rewards that an individual may unconsciously derive from a particular symptom or behavior. Therefore, choice A (Secondary gain) is the best match for the psychoanalytic perspective.

Question 20

William experienced symptoms of sudden heart palpitations, feelings of choking, dizziness, and intense fear, occurring without warning. Which of the following would be an appropriate component of an intervention for his problem?

Accepted Answer

William's symptoms are indicative of panic disorder, and an effective intervention could include cognitive therapy to address irrational fears, relaxation training to manage physical symptoms, and safely experiencing panic symptoms in a controlled environment to reduce fear of these symptoms. All these components can be part of a comprehensive treatment plan.

Quiz 6: Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders