Question 1

In examining risk factors for developmental disabilities, genetic influences, chromosomal aberrations, and prenatal/perinatal problems that lead to brain changes are examples of

Accepted Answer

Genetic influences and chromosomal aberrations are biological risk factors, while prenatal/perinatal problems that lead to brain changes can also be considered biological since they directly affect the physical development of the brain. Environmental risk factors refer to external factors such as exposure to toxins, while psychological and psychosocial risk factors refer to factors related to mental health and social influences, respectively.

Question 2

The well-known learning disability label of dyslexia has been pigeonholed into mainly seeing letters in reverse order, but in reality, dyslexia is a broader term that includes any learning disorder of

Accepted Answer

Dyslexia is primarily associated with difficulties in reading and spelling, rather than a broader range of language or thought disorders.

Question 3

Intellectual disability is found

Accepted Answer

Intellectual disability is more commonly found in boys than in girls, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 1.5:1.

Question 4

Biological risk research for developmental disorders has identified biological predispositions to be

Accepted Answer

Biological risk research has shown that biological predispositions to developmental disorders are very strong.

Question 5

People with autism that are found to bite or hit themselves, or bang their head against the wall, are exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Self-injurious behavior refers to any deliberate, repetitive action that causes injury or harm to oneself. This behavior is commonly observed in individuals with autism, and may include biting or hitting oneself, or banging one's head against a wall. Self-injurious behavior is different from antisocial behavior, which is characterized by intentional harm to others or violation of social norms. Self-stimulating behavior, on the other hand, refers to repetitive actions that are not harmful in nature, such as rocking back and forth or spinning in circles. While self-injurious behavior is a common feature of the autistic behavioral pattern, it is not an exclusive or defining characteristic of autism.

Question 6

Many people with autism show behaviors such as excessive rocking, hand flapping, or walking on their toes that are called

Accepted Answer

These behaviors are commonly referred to as self-stimulatory or "stimming" behaviors, which are repetitive movements or vocalizations that individuals with autism engage in to stimulate their senses or relieve anxiety. These behaviors can include hand flapping, rocking, spinning, or other repetitive movements.

Question 7

Jimmy has poor school achievement in reading.He is failing his reading class, but this failure is not explained by intellectual disability.Jimmy probably has a

Accepted Answer

Based on the information provided, Jimmy's poor school achievement in reading is likely due to a learning disorder, as there is no mention of any other factors such as developmental delays or regression.

Question 8

Cleo has severe autism.Although he basically looks pretty normal, he is prone to severe tantrums if he encounters an unexpected change in routine.One day, he was unable to get the meal he typically orders at his favorite restaurant because a storm prevented the delivery truck from making its normal run.Cleo had a major meltdown right in the middle of the diner.Onlookers stared at Cleo's parents as if they were to blame for his meltdown.This sort of response from others illustrates

Accepted Answer

The onlookers staring at Cleo's parents and assuming they were to blame for his meltdown demonstrates the stigma associated with developmental disorders, specifically autism. This stigma often leads to misunderstandings and blame being placed on the individual and their family for behaviors that are a result of their disability.

Question 9

A condition that results when the FMR1 gene of the X chromosome narrows, breaks, or otherwise becomes mutated is

Accepted Answer

Fragile X syndrome is caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. This mutation can cause the X chromosome to become narrowed or broken, leading to intellectual disabilities, behavioral and emotional problems, and physical features such as a long face and large ears. PKU and sickle-cell disease are caused by mutations on non-sex chromosomes, while Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Question 10

A previously diagnosed disorder similar to autism in which people do not generally have major deficits in language, cognitive development, adaptive functioning, or curiosity about the environment is

Accepted Answer

Asperger's disorder was previously diagnosed as a separate disorder from autism but is now considered Level 1 autism. Individuals with Asperger's disorder/Level 1 autism may have difficulties with social interactions and restricted interests but typically have normal language development and intelligence. Rett's disorder is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects girls and involves severe cognitive and developmental disabilities. Pervasive developmental disorder, Level 3, is a diagnosis that is no longer used, but it previously referred to individuals who had significant impairments in social, communication, and adaptive functioning but did not meet criteria for autism or other related disorders.

Question 11

PKU is caused by a genetic mutation.The defective gene must be inherited from both parents before problems occur, so it is referred to as a(n)

Accepted Answer

PKU is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that both copies of the gene must be mutated in order for the disorder to occur.

Question 12

Intellectual disability occurs in what percent of the population?

Accepted Answer

Intellectual disability occurs in approximately 1% of the population.

Question 13

Fragile X syndrome is more serious for males than for females, because females have

Accepted Answer

Females have two X chromosomes, while males have only one. If one X chromosome is damaged due to Fragile X syndrome, females still have a second X chromosome to compensate for the missing or malfunctioning genes. This is known as X-inactivation, where one X chromosome is randomly inactivated in each cell during early embryonic development. Therefore, females with Fragile X syndrome tend to have milder symptoms compared to males who only have one X chromosome.

Question 14

Mark is hyperactive, often flaps his arms wildly about, and will bang his head against a wall over and over for no apparent reason.He cannot relate to his peers very well and uses very bizarre language.His doctors have excluded him from a diagnosis of autism, because genetic testing revealed that damage to a chromosome can account for his symptoms.Mark probably has

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described are consistent with those found in individuals with fragile X syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects cognitive and social development. Individuals with fragile X syndrome may exhibit behaviors such as flapping their arms or banging their heads, as well as having difficulty with social interactions and communication. Testing for fragile X syndrome involves analyzing the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.

Question 15

About % of American children have basic reading problems.

Accepted Answer

According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), approximately 20% of fourth-graders and 14% of eighth-graders in the United States are considered "below basic" in reading skills.

Question 16

Asperger's disorder is now known as

Accepted Answer

Asperger's disorder has been removed as a separate diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Instead, it falls under the umbrella term of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and is classified as Level 1, which refers to individuals who require some support in social communication and interaction. The terms "low functioning autism" and "moderate functioning autism" are outdated and not used in the current diagnostic criteria for ASD.

Question 17

Asperger's disorder (now known as autism spectrum disorder at Level 1) presents with severe social impairment and bizarre behaviors like autism, but is not as problematic in the areas of

Accepted Answer

Asperger's disorder (now autism spectrum disorder at Level 1) is characterized by social impairment and odd behaviors similar to those seen in autism, but in contrast to autism, individuals with Asperger's disorder typically have normal language, cognitive development, and adaptive functioning.

Question 18

A broad term that includes any learning disorder of reading or spelling is

Accepted Answer

Dyslexia is the most commonly known and broad term for any learning disorder that affects reading or spelling. Dyscalculia pertains to problems with math, dysgraphia involves issues with writing, and dysphasia concerns difficulties with language and communication.

Question 19

Autism is prevalent in boys than in girls, and the symptoms of autism seem to be more severe in .

Accepted Answer

Autism is more prevalent in boys, but when girls are diagnosed, they often exhibit more severe symptoms compared to boys.

Question 20

Blake has a hard time with any kind of fine motor coordination.Even though he is 7 years old, he can barely button a shirt, he cannot tie his own shoes, and struggles with an appropriate pencil grasp.Blake has which learning disorder?

Accepted Answer

Blake's symptoms suggest that he may have dyspraxia, also known as Developmental Coordination Disorder. People with dyspraxia have difficulty with fine and/or gross motor coordination, which can interfere with activities of daily living, academic tasks such as writing, and participating in sports or other physical activities. Dysphasia and dysnomia are language disorders, and dyslalia is a speech sound disorder.

Quiz 13: Developmental and Disruptive Behavior Disorders