Question 1

Individuals, especially African Americans, who experience damaged red blood cells, slow blood movement, and less oxygenation to the body may be diagnosed with

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell disease is a genetic condition that primarily affects people of African descent. It is characterized by abnormally shaped red blood cells that can clog blood vessels, leading to reduced oxygenation and tissue damage.

Question 2

A genetic component accounts for about % of the cause of learning disorders, especially reading disorders.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that genetic factors account for approximately 54 to 65% of the cause of learning disorders, particularly reading disorders.

Question 3

Brain changes that are due to problems in the closure of the neural tube, proper development of the forebrain, and completion of the corpus callosum are referred to as

Accepted Answer

Induction defects refer to problems in the early stages of brain development, including issues with neural tube closure, forebrain development, and corpus callosum formation.

Question 4

During birth, a lack of oxygen is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A lack of oxygen during birth is referred to as hypoxia. Anorexia is a loss of appetite and has no relation to oxygen levels during birth. Umbilical choking and placenta provera are not commonly used medical terms.

Question 5

Tay-Sachs disease, which produces severe motor and sensory disabilities, intellectual disability, and death at age 2 to 4 years, is found especially in

Accepted Answer

Tay-Sachs disease is most commonly found in Ashkenazi Jews, with a carrier frequency of approximately 1 in 27 individuals. It is less common in other populations, including European Americans and Australian Americans.

Question 6

Gross malformations that are directly involved with brain development problems are called

Accepted Answer

Induction defects and migration defects are terms used to describe issues in brain development, where induction defects refer to problems in the initial formation of the brain structure, and migration defects refer to issues in the movement of neurons to their correct positions.

Question 7

Untreated PKU may create physical problems such as

Accepted Answer

Untreated PKU can lead to all of these physical problems, including awkward gait and spasms, severe language delay, and intellectual disability. This is because PKU prevents the body from properly breaking down the amino acid phenylalanine, leading to a build-up of toxic substances in the brain that can cause damage. Early detection and treatment with a low-phenylalanine diet can help prevent these problems from developing.

Question 8

Agents, substances, or exposures that can harm a prenatal or perinatal individual's health are collectively referred to as

Accepted Answer

Agents, substances, or exposures that can harm a prenatal or perinatal individual's health are collectively referred to as teratogens.

Question 9

Problems in cell growth and distribution in the second to fifth month of pregnancy, which can lead to underdeveloped brain areas, are called

Accepted Answer

Migration defects refer to problems in the movement and distribution of cells during fetal development, which can result in underdeveloped brain areas. Conduction defects and induction defects are not related to cell growth and distribution in fetal development. Migration deficiencies is not a commonly used term in this context.

Question 10

The developmental disorder of Down syndrome is predominantly caused by

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material disrupts the normal course of development, leading to the physical and cognitive characteristics associated with the disorder.

Question 11

Children who have a small head size, facial and heart defects, lower intelligence, problems in learning, memory, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and communication and social skills may have been prenatally exposed to

Accepted Answer

Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause fetal alcohol syndrome and its associated symptoms, including small head size, facial and heart defects, lower intelligence, problems in learning, memory, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and communication and social skills. Caffeine, lead, and nicotine exposure during pregnancy are also known to have negative effects on fetal development, but they do not typically cause the specific symptoms listed here.

Question 12

Individuals with autism tend to have a smaller corpus callosum and fewer cells, which relate to behavioral inhibition.

Accepted Answer

The corpus callosum is a band of nerve fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain. Purkinje cells are a type of specialized neuron that are found in the cerebellum, which is located beneath the cerebral cortex and is involved in controlling movement and balance. Studies have suggested that individuals with autism have a smaller corpus callosum and a reduced number of Purkinje cells, which may contribute to difficulties with behavioral inhibition and motor coordination.

Question 13

Diseases such as meningitis may result in

Accepted Answer

Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, and it can cause neurological damage.

Question 14

Most people with Down syndrome have chromosomes in their cells.

Accepted Answer

Individuals with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in a total of 47 chromosomes in their cells instead of the usual 46.

Question 15

Concordance rates of autism are % in identical twins but % in fraternal twins.

Accepted Answer

According to research, the concordance rate of autism is approximately 60 to 92 percent in identical twins but only 0 to 10 percent in fraternal twins. Therefore, the best choice is C. The other options are incorrect as they have the percentages switched for either identical or fraternal twins.

Question 16

Family variables such as poor language stimulation, neglect of a child's educational needs, or inconsistent parenting that lead to mild forms of intellectual disability are sometimes referred to as

Accepted Answer

These family variables that lead to mild forms of intellectual disability are called cultural-familial intellectual disability. It is important to note that this type of intellectual disability is not caused by biological or genetic factors but rather environmental factors within the family. Other choices may not accurately describe this particular type of intellectual disability.

Question 17

What percentage of Down syndrome cases are due to an extra number 21 chromosome?

Accepted Answer

Almost all cases of Down syndrome (95% or more) are due to an extra copy of chromosome 21, also known as trisomy 21. The remaining cases are due to other chromosomal abnormalities, such as translocation or mosaicism.

Question 18

About how many children are severely shaken each year that may lead to death or permanent brain damage?

Accepted Answer

The answer of About how many children are severely shaken...

Question 19

Andi's parents are very poor, and neither has particularly high intelligence.School is not very important to them, and they do not ever bother to read to Andi.Their parenting styles are quite inconsistent, and Andi really never knows when she can count on them.Andi has recently been diagnosed with intellectual disability, and her home environment is seen as a likely culprit behind her deficits.Andi has

Accepted Answer

Andi's home environment, including her parents' low intelligence and inconsistent parenting, is a likely cause of her intellectual disability. This aligns with the definition of cultural-familial intellectual disability, which is caused by environmental factors, such as poverty and lack of access to education and stimulation, rather than by genetic or neurological factors.

Question 20

Enlargement of the overall brain, especially with respect to the mid-sagittal area, ventricles, limbic system, amygdala, and occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes, is associated with

Accepted Answer

Enlargement in the mid-sagittal area, limbic system, amygdala, and parietal and temporal lobes are commonly found in individuals with autism. The ventricles are typically enlarged in schizophrenia, and Down syndrome is associated with a smaller brain size. Mood disorders can have various changes in brain structures, but not necessarily enlargement.

Quiz 13: Developmental and Disruptive Behavior Disorders