Question 1

Junior and Kgosi are babies who are the same age but very different from each other. Junior has the ability to focus his attention on a task, while Kgosi is very easily distracted. Junior and Kgosi differ on which dimension of temperament?

Accepted Answer

Junior's ability to focus his attention on a task suggests he has higher levels of effortful control, while Kgosi's tendency to be easily distracted suggests lower levels of effortful control.

Question 2

Bonolo is a malnourished child. If her parents are typical, they will probably

Accepted Answer

Malnourished children often exhibit lethargy, leading parents to interact less with them due to their low energy levels and reduced responsiveness.

Question 3

Which person is most likely experiencing the most rapid physical growth?

Accepted Answer

Infancy and early childhood are periods of rapid physical growth, with babies growing at a faster rate than older children or adults. Boipelo, who is 18 months old, is therefore the most likely person to be experiencing the most rapid physical growth.

Question 4

Which child is most likely to be the shortest?

Accepted Answer

Lesedi is most likely to be the shortest because both parents are short, which increases the likelihood of inheriting genes for shorter stature.

Question 5

UNICEF, WHO, and The World Bank (2016) collectively estimate that about one in ____ children under age five suffers from malnutrition.

Accepted Answer

UNICEF, WHO, and The World Bank (2016) estimate that about one in four children under age five suffers from malnutrition.

Question 6

If Zane is shy when he is two years old, he is likely to be ____ when he is four years old.

Accepted Answer

Personality traits such as shyness tend to be consistent over time, so it is likely that Zane will still be shy at four years old. However, it is important to note that environmental factors and experiences can also influence personality development.

Question 7

Maria is a typical healthy one-year-old who weighs 11 kilograms. Which is the best estimate of her birth weight?

Accepted Answer

A typical healthy baby doubles their birth weight by around 5 months and triples it by one year. Therefore, if Maria is 11 kilograms at one year, her birth weight would likely have been around 3.6 kilograms.

Question 8

Dr Ngcobo is interested in studying how babies are different in terms of their behaviour toward other people, how energetic they are, and how easily they are upset. It is most likely that Dr Ngcobo is studying

Accepted Answer

Dr Ngcobo's interest in studying how babies differ in their behaviour toward other people, how energetic they are, and how easily they are upset points toward the study of temperament. Temperament refers to individual differences in emotions, activity level, and attention that are present from birth and affect a person's overall behavior and interactions with others.

Question 9

Lesedi is informed that both of her one-year-old twin daughters are of 'normal' weight. She is then informed that one weighs 7 kilograms and the other weighs 11 kilograms pounds. How is this possible?

Accepted Answer

The 'normal' weight range of one-year-olds is very wide, and it is possible for twins to be born with significantly different weights. It is not necessarily a cause for concern as long as the individual babies are healthy and developing properly.

Question 10

Which factor is not a possible contributor for infants to die of SIDS?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which factor is not a possible contributor...

Question 11

Along with an improved diet, research indicates that ____ is also necessary to foster a malnourished child's development.

Accepted Answer

Parent training is necessary to ensure that a child receives adequate nutrition and to sustain the improved diet. Parents or caregivers need to be educated on selecting and preparing nutrient-rich foods as well as promoting healthy eating habits. Surgery, medication, and behavior modification are not necessary for improving malnourishment caused by poor nutrition.

Question 12

What criterion is used to indicate malnourishment in children under age five?

Accepted Answer

Small size is the most common criterion used to indicate malnourishment in children under age five. This can be assessed through measurements such as height and weight, and compared against age and sex-specific standards. Mental retardation and lack of motor skills may be consequences of malnutrition, but are not direct indicators. Large head circumference may be a sign of certain forms of malnutrition, such as edematous malnutrition, but is not a reliable indicator on its own.

Question 13

Malnutrition seems to be most damaging if it occurs during

Accepted Answer

Malnutrition is most damaging if it occurs during infancy because this is a crucial time for growth and development. Insufficient nutrition during this period can lead to stunted growth, impaired cognitive development, and weakened immune function that can have lifelong effects. While malnutrition at any age can have negative impacts on health, the consequences are most severe when it occurs during this critical developmental window.

Question 14

If a baby is breastfed, it is more likely to

Accepted Answer

Breast milk contains all the essential nutrients that a baby needs for the first six months of life. Because breast milk changes flavors depending on what the mother has eaten, babies who are breastfed tend to be more accepting of different tastes when it comes time to start solid food. This makes the transition to solid food easier.

Question 15

Stella is researching temperament by determining the extent to which different babies can focus attention and not be distracted. Which dimension of temperament is Stella assessing?

Accepted Answer

Stella is assessing effortful control, which involves the ability to focus attention and not be distracted. Negative affect refers to how often and easily a baby experiences negative emotions such as sadness or anger. Inhibition involves the ability to stop oneself from acting impulsively. Persistence refers to the ability to stick with a task even when it is difficult.

Question 16

Which statement regarding temperament is false?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that toddlers in Asia often have higher levels of effortful control and lower levels of positive emotion compared to toddlers in Western cultures. Therefore, statement C, which claims that toddlers in Asia often have less effortful control, is false. The other statements are supported by research.

Question 17

Even though he is only 20 days old, Buhle appears to be very happy and vocal around other people. How would a theorist use the concept of temperament to explain his behaviour?

Accepted Answer

According to temperament theory, surgency/extraversion refers to traits such as activity level, sociability, and positive affect. Buhle's behavior of being happy and vocal around other people aligns with high levels of surgency/extraversion.

Question 18

Parents are encouraged to let infants sleep on their back to reduce

Accepted Answer

Infants who sleep on their back have a lower risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). This is supported by multiple studies and recommendations from pediatrician organizations. Sleeping on their back also promotes safe sleep habits and reduces the risk of suffocation.

Question 19

Which piece of advice is most appropriate for individuals in developing nations who are considering bottle-feeding?

Accepted Answer

In developing nations, access to clean and safe water can be limited. Formula prepared with contaminated water can lead to serious health problems for infants. Therefore, it is important to be careful when considering bottle-feeding and to ensure that the water used to prepare formula is safe and clean.

Question 20

While doing a study of temperament, Dr Dlamini is studying how toddlers react when toys they are playing with are removed from their reach and placed on a high shelf. What dimension of temperament is Dr Dlamini most likely assessing?

Accepted Answer

The answer of While doing a study of temperament, Dr...

Quiz 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development