Question 1

Research demonstrates that the recovered memories of sexual abuse most likely to be corroborated are those that are recovered

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research demonstrates that the recovered memories of...

Question 2

LeAnn had her purse snatched as she walked out to her car.The police who are investigating the crime ask LeAnn to try to pick the purse-snatcher out of a line-up of eight suspects.The police are basically using

Accepted Answer

The police are asking LeAnn to recognize the perpetrator from a line-up, which involves using memory to select the correct option from a group of choices. This is an example of a recognition task, where the person is asked to identify familiar information from a set of options.

Question 3

The recognition measure of retention requires an individual

Accepted Answer

The recognition measure of retention involves the individual being presented with previously learned information along with other options and being asked to identify and select the correct information. This measures the individual's ability to recognize and remember information, making option B the best choice. Option A refers to recall measure of retention, option C refers to metacognition, and option D refers to relearning measure of retention.

Question 4

Robert was attacked while he was walking in the park.The police who are investigating the crime ask Robert to describe his attacker in as much detail as possible.The police are basically using

Accepted Answer

The police are asking Robert to provide a detailed description of the attacker, which involves recalling specific details from his memory about the person who attacked him. Therefore, the police are using a recall task to recover information from Robert's memory. Transfer-appropriate encoding involves matching the encoding and retrieval processes, which is not the case here. Recognition task involves identifying previously encountered information, which is also not the case here. Misinformation task involves providing false information to a person to see if they will incorporate it into their memory, which is not what the police are doing here.

Question 5

Imagine you complete a computer-programming course, but never have a chance to use the programming language once the course is over.Based on the research results reported by Ebbinghaus, over the years you should expect

Accepted Answer

The research results reported by Ebbinghaus suggest that most of what is learned will be forgotten early, with a gradual decline in memory retention over time. This phenomenon is known as the forgetting curve. Therefore, choice D is the most accurate representation of what one should expect from memory retention after completing a programming course and not using the language again.

Question 6

According to interference theory

Accepted Answer

Interference theory states that forgetting is due to competition from other material, which can interfere with the retrieval of information. This can occur either because of proactive interference, where previously learned material interferes with the retention of new information, or retroactive interference, where newly learned material interferes with the retrieval of previously learned information. Time alone is not considered the principal cause of forgetting, and events that occur during the retention interval can have a significant impact on memory retention.

Question 7

Which of the following statements best reflects the current view of the repressed memories controversy?

Accepted Answer

The controversy surrounding repressed memories of childhood abuse suggests that we should be cautious when accepting recovered memories without reliable corroboration. While some cases may be authentic, the risk of false memories being created by therapists cannot be ignored. Therefore, it is important to approach these cases with critical skepticism and seek out additional evidence before fully accepting the validity of the memories.

Question 8

In studies of forgetting, the retention interval is the length of time

Accepted Answer

The retention interval is the time between when the stimuli is presented and when forgetting is measured. Option A is incorrect because complete forgetting may not occur after the retention interval. Option C is incorrect because it refers to the availability of the material rather than the time elapsed. Option D is incorrect because it is unlikely that 100 percent recall will be maintained over the entire retention interval.

Question 9

In regard to the recovered memory controversy, psychologists who rely on research on the misinformation effect, reality-monitoring, and imagination inflation are MOST likely to

Accepted Answer

Psychologists who rely on research on the misinformation effect, reality-monitoring, and imagination inflation are likely to doubt the accuracy of recovered memories. Research on these phenomena suggests that memories can be distorted or fabricated by external information or internal processes, making it difficult to confidently determine the veracity of recovered memories. Therefore, psychologists who are familiar with this research are likely to approach recovered memories with skepticism.

Question 10

Psychologists who doubt the accuracy of recovered memories of abuse maintain that

Accepted Answer

Psychologists who doubt the accuracy of recovered memories of abuse argue that these memories are inadvertently created in individuals after a therapist suggests childhood abuse. This is often due to particularly suggestive therapeutic techniques, such as hypnosis, which may encourage individuals to manufacture stories entirely.

Question 11

Psychologists who accept the accuracy of recovered memories of abuse are most likely to attribute the recent upsurge in recovered memories to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychologists who accept the accuracy of recovered...

Question 12

Ebbinghaus used which of the following as stimuli in his classic studies of forgetting?

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables as stimuli in his classic studies of forgetting.

Question 13

The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was

Accepted Answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus conducted the first scientific studies of forgetting in the late 19th century. He used himself as a subject and systematically studied his own ability to remember lists of nonsense syllables over time.

Question 14

Noah had learned to play Mozart's Concerto Number 21 when he was eight years old.He is now 30 years old and hasn't played the piano for 12 years, but his sister has asked him to play the concerto at her wedding.When Noah sits down to practise, he finds that he has the piece mastered in just a few hours, even though it took him weeks to learn the first time.This example illustrates

Accepted Answer

The example illustrates relearning as a measure of memory retention because even though Noah hadn't played the Piano for 12 years, he was able to relearn the Mozart's Concerto Number 21 in just a few hours. This indicates that his previous learning had been retained in his memory to some degree, and he was able to quickly relearn it.

Question 15

In studies of long-term memory, researchers have found that

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that the passage of time is not the sole cause of forgetting and that what happens during the retention interval is more influential in forgetting than the mere passage of time. Therefore, option A and B are incorrect. Additionally, there is evidence to suggest that sleep actually aids in memory consolidation and retention, so option D is also incorrect. Thus, option C is the best choice.

Question 16

The measure of memory that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own, without any cues, is

Accepted Answer

Recall is the measure of memory that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own, without any cues. This is different from recognition, where subjects are presented with potential correct answers and asked to identify the correct one. Relearning involves studying material again after having previously learned it, and reiteration refers to the act of repeating information multiple times to try to remember it.

Question 17

Ebbinghaus' original forgetting curves, which graphed his retention over time, suggested that most forgetting occurs

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus' original forgetting curves showed a steep decline in retention immediately after learning and then a more gradual decline over time. This suggests that most forgetting occurs very rapidly after learning something.

Question 18

A relearning measure requires subjects to

Accepted Answer

A relearning measure involves having subjects memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved compared to the first time they learned it. This allows for a more accurate assessment of what was actually retained from the initial learning experience. Choices B, C, and D all involve recalling or recognizing information but do not involve the concept of relearning.

Question 19

Research suggests that when information is forgotten from long-term memory ____ exerts a stronger influence on forgetting than ____.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that forgetting from long-term memory is primarily due to interference from other information, rather than simply the passage of time. Ineffective encoding can also play a role in forgetting, but interference is believed to be the stronger factor. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer.

Question 20

The probable reason that Ebbinghaus' forgetting curves were so steep was that Ebbinghaus

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus intentionally used meaningless materials (nonsense syllables) in his experiments in order to eliminate any prior knowledge or associations that might influence recall. This lack of meaningfulness likely contributed to the steepness of the forgetting curves he observed.

Quiz 7: Key Processes in Memory