Question 1

Learning that is not manifested until some later time is called __________.
A) manifest content
B) latent content
C) latent learning
D) manifest learning

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that occurs but is not immediately demonstrated in behavior. Manifest content refers to the obvious or visible content of a dream. Latent content refers to the hidden or symbolic meaning of a dream. Manifest learning and latent learning are not interchangeable terms.

Question 2

The concept of latent learning was developed by __________.
A) Watson
B) Skinner
C) Thorndike
D) Tolman

Accepted Answer

The concept of latent learning was developed by Edward Tolman.

Question 3

Operant conditioning assumes that __________.
A) events that follow behavior affect whether the behavior is repeated in the future
B) one's mental processes (e.g., memory and perception) mediate what behaviors one does in a situation
C) voluntary behaviors are reflexive
D) one learns by watching others' behavior

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences, specifically, events or stimuli that follow the behavior. The consequences mostly refer to the reward or punishment of a behavior, and they increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. This is why option A is an accurate statement. Option B is more reflective of cognitive psychology than operant conditioning. Option C is inaccurate since voluntary behavior is, by definition, under conscious control. Option D describes observational learning, which is separate from operant conditioning.

Question 4

When you were first learning to make your bed, your parents told you that you did a good job when you got the bedspread pulled up, even though the bed was still a little messy. For the next week they showed you how to be a little neater each time you made the bed. What operant conditioning procedure did your parents use?
A) generalization
B) extinction
C) shaping
D) punishment

Accepted Answer

The parents used shaping, which is the process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a desired behavior. In this case, they reinforced the child for getting the bedspread pulled up, and then gradually increased the criteria for a "well-made bed."

Question 5

Cognitive learning involves __________.
A) an association between events or phenomena
B) an association between responses
C) an association between behavior and its consequences
D) internal representations of events in the world

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning involves internal representations of events in the world, such as learning through perception, thought, and memory. It focuses on how individuals process and mentally organize information, rather than solely on observable behavior. A, B, and C are all related to more traditional forms of conditioning and behaviorism.

Question 6

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________.
A) vicarious learning
B) innate learning
C) latent learning
D) insight

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change. This type of learning is not always observable, but can be demonstrated later on when certain incentives or motivations are present. Vicarious learning refers to learning through observation of others, innate learning refers to instinctive behaviors that do not require any prior learning, and insight refers to the sudden realization of a solution to a problem.

Question 7

The mental image of an area, such as a maze or the floor plan of a building, is called __________.
A) Gestalt
B) insight
C) a Skinner response
D) a cognitive map

Accepted Answer

A mental image of an area, such as a maze or floor plan of a building, is called a cognitive map. Gestalt refers to the organization of perception of visual elements, insight refers to a sudden understanding or realization, and Skinner response refers to a behavior learned through operant conditioning.

Question 8

A psychologist is conducting a study on learning that seeks to explain the inner needs and desires that made learners pursue their goals. She is interested in the inner processes that result in learning. She is studying __________.
A) neurophysiological learning
B) primary learning
C) secondary learning
D) cognitive learning

Accepted Answer

The psychologist's interest in understanding the inner processes of learning that result in achieving goals suggests that she is studying cognitive learning. Cognitive learning is the study of the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing information. It involves understanding how learners think, reason, and problem-solve.

Question 9

Cognitive learning theories attempt to explain how learning occurs using __________.
A) observation and imitation
B) unobservable mental processes
C) classical conditioning processes
D) classical, operant, and observational processes

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning theories focus on mental processes such as attention, memory, perception, and problem-solving to understand how learning occurs.

Question 10

To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop, the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal, then for leaping from that pedestal to another. Next, the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward. Finally, the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward. This is an example of __________.
A) modeling
B) shaping
C) negative reinforcement
D) secondary learning

Accepted Answer

This is an example of shaping as the behavior of jumping through a flaming hoop is gradually shaped by reinforcing smaller, intermediate behaviors.

Question 11

At the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C., a polar bear suffered a broken tooth, and keepers needed a safe way of treating the problem. The bear was rewarded first for sticking its nose through a slot in the cage door, then for allowing a keeper to lift its lip and touch its teeth. Finally, a veterinarian was able to treat the damaged tooth while the bear waited placidly for its familiar reward. This is an example of __________.
A) modeling
B) shaping
C) negative reinforcement
D) secondary learning

Accepted Answer

This is an example of shaping, where the behavior of the polar bear was gradually modified and reinforced until it allowed the veterinarian to treat its broken tooth. The reward-based training technique used by the keepers to gradually gain the polar bear's trust and willingness to cooperate is a type of shaping. Modelings implies that the polar bear is copying the behavior of another animal or person, which is not the case in this scenario. Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring, which is not evident here. Secondary learning refers to learning that occurs as a result of the original learning, and is not applicable in this context.

Question 12

Shaping is achieved through __________.
A) discrimination training
B) generalization
C) higher-order conditioning
D) successive approximations

Accepted Answer

Shaping is achieved through successive approximations, which involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the target behavior. By providing positive reinforcement for these successive approximations, the organism is gradually shaped towards performing the desired behavior. Discrimination training involves teaching an organism to distinguish between different stimuli and respond differently to each, while generalization refers to the tendency for a learned response to occur in the presence of similar, but not identical, stimuli. Higher-order conditioning involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned response. While these concepts may be involved in shaping to some extent, they are not the primary method through which shaping is achieved.

Question 13

Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly is called __________ learning.
A) autonomic
B) primary
C) secondary
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning involves mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, and reasoning. These processes cannot be directly observed, but their effects on behavior can be measured. Autonomic learning refers to automatic responses to stimuli, while primary and secondary learning are not commonly used terms in psychology.

Question 14

What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?
A) insight learning
B) serial enumeration
C) latent learning
D) shaping

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that has taken place but is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior.

Question 15

Kameko wanted to teach her dog how to roll over. She tried giving him instructions, but it didn't work. She tried waiting for him to roll over so she could reinforce the behavior, but she had to go to bed before the dog rolled. Finally, she began reinforcing the dog when he made behaviors that closely resembled rolling over. At last, using __________, she was able to teach the dog to do the trick.
A) shaping
B) positive reinforcement
C) positive reinforcers
D) secondary reinforcers

Accepted Answer

Kameko was using shaping, which is the process of guiding an animal's behavior by rewarding any behavior that is closer and closer to the desired behavior. This is different from simply reinforcing the desired behavior because the animal may not know how to perform the behavior at first. Positive reinforcement (B) is also involved when Kameko rewards the dog for behavior that is closer to the desired behavior, but shaping better describes the overall process. Positive reinforcers (C) and secondary reinforcers (D) are not directly related to the process of shaping, but they may be used as rewards during shaping.

Question 16

Veronika is just learning to dress herself. At first, her parents call her a "big girl" just for putting on her clothes "frontwards," even if they are not buttoned. Then, they call her a "big girl" if she tries to button them-even if the buttons are not in the right holes. Finally, they call her a "big girl" only if she buttons her clothing correctly. Veronika's parents have been using __________.
A) discrimination
B) generalization
C) higher-order conditioning
D) successive approximation

Accepted Answer

Veronika's parents are using successive approximation, which involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior. They are gradually shaping Veronika's behavior by reinforcing her for putting on her clothes correctly and then increasing their expectations as she becomes more skilled.

Question 17

Freddie has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father "daddy." However, it has now become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes Freddie out with her because he keeps calling other men "daddy." This is an example of __________.
A) associative linkage
B) generalization
C) higher-order conditioning
D) spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

This is an example of generalization, where Freddie is applying the concept of "daddy" to other men as well.

Question 18

Reinforcing behaviors that more closely resemble a final, terminal behavior is called __________.
A) positive reinforcement
B) shaping
C) positive reinforcers
D) secondary reinforcers

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer approximations to the final, desired behavior. Positive reinforcement involves adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring. Positive reinforcers are the actual stimuli that are added or presented to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring. Secondary reinforcers are stimuli that are neutral at first but become reinforcing through association with a primary reinforcer. While all of these terms are related to reinforcement, only shaping specifically refers to reinforcing increasingly similar behaviors to a desired final behavior.

Question 19

Changing behavior through the reinforcement of partial responses is called __________.
A) modeling
B) shaping
C) negative reinforcement
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing small steps towards a desired behavior to eventually get to the desired behavior. Modeling involves imitating the behavior of others. Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus to create a response.

Question 20

A procedure used to teach a whole behavior by first training its parts is called __________.
A) higher-order conditioning
B) shaping
C) modeling
D) response generalization

Accepted Answer

Shaping is the process of teaching a behavior by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable parts and gradually building up to the complete behavior. This method is often used in animal training, but can also be applied to human learning. Higher-order conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned response, modeling involves observing and imitating the behavior of others, and response generalization refers to the tendency for a learned behavior to occur in different situations or in response to different stimuli.

Quiz 5: Learning

Learning that is not manifested until some later time is called __________.

The concept of latent learning was developed by __________.

Operant conditioning assumes that __________.

Cognitive learning involves __________.

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________.

The mental image of an area, such as a maze or the floor plan of a building, is called __________.

A psychologist is conducting a study on learning that seeks to explain the inner needs and desires that made learners pursue their goals. She is interested in the inner processes that result in learning. She is studying __________.

Cognitive learning theories attempt to explain how learning occurs using __________.

Shaping is achieved through __________.

Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly is called __________ learning.

What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?

Freddie has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father "daddy." However, it has now become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes Freddie out with her because he keeps calling other men "daddy." This is an example of __________.

Reinforcing behaviors that more closely resemble a final, terminal behavior is called __________.

Changing behavior through the reinforcement of partial responses is called __________.

A procedure used to teach a whole behavior by first training its parts is called __________.