Question 1

Animals exposed to unavoidable, uncontrollable aversive stimulation exhibit __________ when later trained in an avoidance procedure.
A) experimental neurosis
B) better learning
C) learned helplessness
D) enhanced performance

Accepted Answer

Animals exposed to unavoidable, uncontrollable aversive stimulation can develop a state of learned helplessness. This affects their ability to learn and perform in subsequent tasks, including avoidance procedures, as they have learned that their actions have no effect on the outcome. Experimental neurosis refers to a similar state of anxiety and confusion in animals exposed to complex stimuli, but it is not directly related to aversive stimulation. Better learning and enhanced performance are unlikely outcomes of learned helplessness.

Question 2

__________ is a type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear.
A) Insight
B) Latent learning
C) Cognitive mapping
D) Contingency blocking

Accepted Answer

Insight learning involves a sudden realization or understanding of a problem, without the need for trial-and-error or gradual learning. The other options, latent learning, cognitive mapping, and contingency blocking, do not involve sudden or intuitive problem-solving.

Question 3

In Bandura's classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll, children who saw the model __________.
A) punished learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model rewarded
B) rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model punished
C) punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model rewarded
D) rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished

Accepted Answer

Bandura's study found that children who saw the model rewarded were more likely to imitate the aggressive behavior in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished. Therefore, option D is the best answer.

Question 4

To a dog, __________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
A) dog food, a Frisbee
B) a paycheck, money
C) dog food, a dog treat
D) a gold star, candy

Accepted Answer

A primary reinforcer is a stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water. A secondary reinforcer, on the other hand, is a stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing properties through association with a primary reinforcer, such as a Frisbee or a paycheck. Therefore, dog food is a primary reinforcer for a dog, while a Frisbee is a secondary reinforcer because it is associated with the primary reinforcer (dog food) through training and conditioning.

Question 5

Eli owned a small repair shop. Each day, he would check the mail to see if any of his customers mailed in a payment for the work he had done for them. Some days, he would receive a check or two. At other times, he would have to wait days before getting another payment. What schedule of reinforcement is evident here?
A) variable interval
B) fixed interval
C) fixed ratio
D) variable ratio

Accepted Answer

Eli is being reinforced on a variable interval schedule because he is receiving payments at irregular intervals. The reinforcement (payment) is still based on the behavior (repair work), but the timing of the reinforcement is unpredictable.

Question 6

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?
A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) insight learning
D) observational learning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when we observe and imitate the behavior of others. It is also known as social learning or modeling. The other options refer to different types of learning. Operant conditioning is learning based on the consequences of our behavior, while classical conditioning is learning based on the association between two stimuli. Insight learning involves problem-solving through sudden understanding, rather than trial-and-error.

Question 7

Jalen cannot sleep because he is terribly worried about his research paper. So Jalen decides to get out of bed and continue working on the paper. Although he stays up till nearly 3a.m., he is relieved that it is done and easily falls off to sleep. In the future, Jalen will be more likely to finish his work before going to bed so that he can avoid the worry and sleeplessness. Such behavior is an example of __________.
A) negative reinforcement
B) positive reinforcement
C) punishment
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (in this case, worry and sleeplessness) following a behavior (completing the work), which makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future. Jalen's action of finishing his work to avoid worry and sleeplessness is an example of negative reinforcement because the removal of the unpleasant feeling reinforces the behavior of completing work before trying to sleep.

Question 8

Ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, Briana has been afraid of all dogs. The fact that she is afraid of not only the original dog but all types of dogs is an example of __________.
A) stimulus generalization
B) extinction
C) spontaneous recovery
D) stimulus discrimination

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. In this case, the fear response to the original dog has been generalized to all types of dogs, which are similar in appearance and behavior.

Question 9

The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is __________.
A) cognitive mapping
B) vicarious learning
C) latent learning
D) insight

Accepted Answer

The type of learning described in the question is known as insight learning, where an individual suddenly grasps the solution to a problem without a gradual increase in understanding. Cognitive mapping is the mental representation of spatial relationships and layouts, vicarious learning is learning through observation and imitation of others, and latent learning is learning that occurs without any reinforcement but is not immediately demonstrated.

Question 10

Insight is a concept associated with __________ learning theory.
A) classical
B) operant
C) social
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

Insight learning theory, also known as cognitive learning theory, emphasizes the role of mental processes in learning. It suggests that learning occurs when an individual is able to form connections between seemingly unrelated information and create new insights and problem solving strategies. This is in contrast to classical and operant learning theories, which focus more on conditioning and observable behaviors. Social learning theory also emphasizes cognitive processes but places greater emphasis on the role of social interactions in shaping behavior.

Question 11

An animal is placed in a box with a bar and also a wire floor that can deliver a mild shock. The experimenter first sounds a buzzer, then a few seconds later turns on the shock. Pressing the bar after the buzzer sounds but before the shock is delivered will prevent the shock from occurring. This is an example of __________.
A) avoidance training
B) modeling
C) classical conditioning
D) punishment learning

Accepted Answer

This is an example of avoidance training because the animal learns to avoid the shock by pressing the bar after the buzzer sounds but before the shock is delivered.

Question 12

Rescorla found that the CS must __________ the UCS for conditioning to take place.
A) predict
B) replace
C) come after
D) come at the same time as

Accepted Answer

Rescorla's contingency theory states that the CS must consistently predict the occurrence of the UCS for conditioning to occur. In other words, the animal must learn that the CS signals the impending arrival of the UCS. Therefore, the CS must predict the UCS, making choice A the best answer.

Question 13

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with "Little Albert," the conditioned stimulus (CS) was __________.
A) the white rat
B) the loud noise
C) the fear of the rat
D) the fear of the noise

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus (CS) was the white rat, as it was paired with the loud noise (the unconditioned stimulus) to create a conditioned response of fear in Little Albert.

Question 14

Though Charlotte tried in vain to reach a puzzle on the top shelf by standing on a chair, she simply could not reach it. Suddenly, she realized that by placing a thick catalog on the seat of the chair, she would be high enough to reach the puzzle. Charlotte's solution is best explained by which of the following?
A) her previous history of conditioning
B) her previous experiences with reaching objects that are out of reach
C) latent learning
D) insight

Accepted Answer

Charlotte's sudden realization of using a catalog to reach the puzzle is an example of insight, which refers to a sudden and novel solution to a problem that occurs without evident trial-and-error behavior. This is different from latent learning, where learning occurs in the absence of reinforcement or behavior changes. Her previous conditioning and experiences may have influenced her problem-solving abilities but do not explain her sudden insight in this specific situation.

Question 15

Gracie had cheesy tacos at a local Mexican restaurant. Later she became terribly ill and suffered bouts of nausea and vomiting. What might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?
A) Gracie will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat cheesy tacos.
B) Gracie will probably develop a strong liking for cheesy tacos.
C) Gracie will probably be able to eat cheesy tacos with no nausea at all.
D) Gracie will probably continue to eat cheesy tacos except when she feels nauseous.

Accepted Answer

Conditioned taste aversion research suggests that when an individual experiences nausea and vomiting after eating a particular food, they may develop a strong aversion or dislike for that food in the future. Therefore, it is likely that Gracie will feel nauseous or have a negative reaction the next time she tries to eat cheesy tacos.

Question 16

The Gestalt psychologist who was the pioneer of insight problem solving was __________.
A) Thorndike
B) Terman
C) Köhler
D) Harlow

Accepted Answer

Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka were the leading Gestalt psychologists who studied problem-solving. Among them, Köhler was the first to conduct experiments to investigate insight problem-solving in chimpanzees.

Question 17

Cognitive maps are __________.
A) observable mental events
B) consistent with conditioning theories
C) learned without reinforcement
D) inconsistent with insightful problem solving

Accepted Answer

Cognitive maps are mental representations or images of the layout of one's environment that are learned without reinforcement. They are often used for navigation and require spatial skills. Choices A, B, and D are not accurate descriptions of cognitive maps.

Question 18

During your very first visit to your campus, you probably needed a map to get around efficiently. However, a little while later you no longer needed the map, because __________ had occurred.
A) classical conditioning
B) cognitive learning
C) instrumental conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

The ability to navigate the campus without a map suggests cognitive learning, which involves consciously acquiring knowledge and skills through experience and instruction. Classical conditioning involves learning an association between two stimuli, while instrumental conditioning and operant conditioning involve learning through the consequences of behavior.

Question 19

Tristan noticed that whenever he moved his dog's food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasoned that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become a(n) __________.
A) conditioned stimulus (CS)
B) unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
C) unconditioned response (UCR)
D) conditioned response (CR)

Accepted Answer

The sound of the dish has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) because it now elicits a response (the dog coming into the kitchen and acting hungry and excited) that was not originally associated with that stimulus before conditioning took place. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) would be the food itself, which naturally elicits a response of hunger in the dog (the unconditioned response or UCR). The conditioned response (CR) is the response to the conditioned stimulus (CS), which in this case is the dog's hungry and excited behavior upon hearing the sound of the food dish being moved.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of vicarious classical conditioning?
A) As a young child, Jorge frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were very afraid of them. Subsequently, Jorge experiences feelings of fear when he sees a spider.
B) Marcus is told about a new product by a close friend and decides to buy it for himself.
C) A cat responds to the sound of a bell because it sounds similar to a bell it hears on the television.
D) Jada watches her grandfather check the air pressure in her bike tire and then use a hand pump to add air to the tire. She is later able to check the air pressure and pump up the tire herself.

Accepted Answer

Vicarious classical conditioning occurs when an individual learns to respond to a stimulus after observing someone else's emotional reaction to that stimulus. In this example, Jorge observes his sister's fear response to spiders and subsequently experiences fear in response to seeing a spider.

Quiz 5: Learning

Animals exposed to unavoidable, uncontrollable aversive stimulation exhibit __________ when later trained in an avoidance procedure.

__________ is a type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear.

In Bandura's classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll, children who saw the model __________.

To a dog, is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?

Ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, Briana has been afraid of all dogs. The fact that she is afraid of not only the original dog but all types of dogs is an example of __________.

The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is __________.

Insight is a concept associated with __________ learning theory.

Rescorla found that the CS must __________ the UCS for conditioning to take place.

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with "Little Albert," the conditioned stimulus (CS) was __________.

Gracie had cheesy tacos at a local Mexican restaurant. Later she became terribly ill and suffered bouts of nausea and vomiting. What might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?

The Gestalt psychologist who was the pioneer of insight problem solving was __________.

Cognitive maps are __________.

During your very first visit to your campus, you probably needed a map to get around efficiently. However, a little while later you no longer needed the map, because __________ had occurred.

Tristan noticed that whenever he moved his dog's food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasoned that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become a(n) __________.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious classical conditioning?