Question 1

An incomplete antigen that matures when combined with a larger molecule is called:

Accepted Answer

The answer of An incomplete antigen that matures when combined...

Question 2

Mature monocytes are called:

Accepted Answer

When monocytes mature and enter tissues, they become macrophages, specialized cells that engulf and destroy foreign materials such as bacteria and viruses. Mature monocytes differentiate into macrophages, which are responsible for phagocytosis and antigen presentation. Neutrophils are a different type of white blood cell and natural killer cells are lymphocytes that target and kill virus-infected or cancerous cells.

Question 3

You have a patient experiencing an inflammatory response After vasoconstriction, the patient will immediately begin to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of blood vessels, which can help to reduce blood flow to a particular area. This is often one of the first responses of the body to an inflammatory stimulus. After vasoconstriction, the patient will experience hyperemia, or an increase in blood flow to the affected area. This can lead to redness, warmth, and swelling, as well as the mobilization of immune cells and other factors that contribute to inflammation._loss of sensation and jaundice are not associated with an inflammatory response, while bruising may occur later in the inflammatory process. Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels, which reduces blood flow to a specific area. Once the blood vessels begin to dilate, the area will experience hyperemia, which is an increased blood flow to the area. This increased blood flow brings with it an inflammatory response, causing redness, warmth, and swelling. Loss of sensation and bruising are not typically associated with vasoconstriction or an inflammatory response, and jaundice is not related to this process at all.

Question 4

Macrophages are primarily involved in phagocytosis and presentation of the antigen to:

Accepted Answer

Macrophages present antigens they have phagocytosed to T lymphocytes to initiate an adaptive immune response. B lymphocytes primarily respond to antigens presented by dendritic cells. Natural killer cells do not require antigen presentation to function. Macrophages are important in the immune system as they function to phagocytose pathogens and display the pathogen's antigens on their surface in a process called antigen presentation. This allows the antigens to be recognized by T lymphocytes, which can then mount an immune response to eliminate the pathogen. B lymphocytes are responsible for antibody production, while natural killer cells are involved in killing virus-infected cells and cancer cells.

Question 5

Types of polymorphonuclear leukocytes include:

Accepted Answer

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are a type of white blood cell that have a multi-lobed nucleus and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Of the options given, basophils are the only type of polymorphonuclear leukocytes listed. T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and immunoglobulins are all types of lymphocytes or proteins involved in the immune response, but they are not polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Choice (E) is the only option that refers to a type of polymorphonuclear leukocyte.

Question 6

In adults, the cells of the immune system originate from:

Accepted Answer

The cells of the immune system in adults originate from stem cells in the bone marrow, which differentiate into different types of immune cells such as lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells once they migrate to different tissues. Glial cells are cells found in the nervous system and Langerhan's cells are a specialized dendritic cell found in the skin. In adults, cells of the immune system originate from stem cells of the bone marrow. Stem cells differentiate into various types of cells, including white blood cells, which play a critical role in the immune response. Monocytes, Langerhans cells, and glial cells are not involved in the production of immune cells.

Question 7

If a patient breathes in an antigen, the closest lymphoid tissue aggregate to respond is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a patient breathes in an antigen,...

Question 8

When differentiating into various cells, the myeloid tissue will produce:

Accepted Answer

The myeloid tissue differentiates into various types of white blood cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes. This process is known as myelopoiesis. Therefore, choice C is the best option as it lists the correct types of cells produced by myeloid tissue. The myeloid tissue produces cells that are involved in the innate immune response, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes. Lymphocytes are produced by the lymphoid tissue, which is a separate lineage from the myeloid tissue. Eosinophils are also produced by the myeloid tissue, but T cells are produced by the lymphoid tissue. B cells and NK cells are also produced by the lymphoid tissue.

Question 9

Why is important to detect whether cancer has spread to lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

Detecting whether cancer has spread to lymph nodes is important because cancer cells can then be spread throughout the body, leading to metastasis and making treatment more difficult. This information helps determine the stage of cancer and the best course of treatment. It is important to detect whether cancer has spread to lymph nodes because if it has, the cancer cells can then be spread throughout the body via the lymphatic system, potentially leading to the development of secondary tumors in other organs.

Question 10

Molecules that are recognized by the immune system as potential pathogens are called:

Accepted Answer

Molecules that are recognized by the immune system as potential pathogens are called antigens. Antibodies are produced by the immune system to target and neutralize antigens. Histamines are chemicals released by the immune system in response to allergens or pathogens, causing inflammation and other symptoms. Microbes are microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi that can cause disease. Molecules that are recognized by the immune system as potential pathogens are called antigens. Antibodies are proteins produced in response to antigens to neutralize and eliminate them. Histamines are small molecules released during an allergic reaction. Microbes are microscopic organisms that can cause disease.

Question 11

You have a patient reporting symptoms such as swelling, pain, and warmth in her elbow and other joints Which laboratory value would you assess in regards to her symptoms?

Accepted Answer

CRP (C-reactive protein) is an acute-phase protein that increases in response to inflammation, infection, tissue injury or necrosis. Elevated levels of CRP indicate the presence of inflammation in the body, which matches with the patient's symptoms of swelling, pain, and warmth in her joints. Creatinine, albumin, and transthyretin are not specific markers of inflammation and are not likely to be affected in this scenario. CRP (C-reactive protein) is an acute-phase reactant that is produced in response to inflammation. In this case, the patient's symptoms suggest joint inflammation, so CRP would be a valuable laboratory value to assess. Creatinine, albumin, and transthyretin are not directly related to joint inflammation.

Question 12

As a result of an injury, proteins can accumulate in tissue spaces This is referred to as _____

Accepted Answer

When tissue is injured or inflamed, proteins can leak out of blood vessels and accumulate in the surrounding tissue spaces. This accumulation is called exudate. A polyp is a growth that extends from the surface of a mucous membrane, while a fibroid is a noncancerous growth in the uterus. A cyst is a closed sac of fluid or semi-solid material. The accumulation of proteins in tissue spaces as a result of injury is referred to as exudate. Polyps refer to abnormal growths in tissue, fibroids are noncancerous growths in the uterus, and a cyst is a closed sac filled with fluid or semi-solid material.

Question 13

_____ is a protein that promotes the healing of damaged tissue

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ is a protein that promotes the...

Question 14

B lymphocytes mature in the _____

Accepted Answer

B lymphocytes, also known as B cells, mature in the bone marrow. This is where they develop and differentiate into different subtypes that can produce specific antibodies to fight infections. The thymus gland and adrenal gland are involved in the development and regulation of other immune cells, such as T lymphocytes and cortisol-producing cells respectively. B lymphocytes, also known as B cells, mature in the bone marrow.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a mediator of vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 16

Which of the following fatty acids is the precursor for many lipid mediators that are involved in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Arachidonic acid is the precursor for many lipid mediators, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes, which play crucial roles in the immune response. Arachidonic acid is the precursor for many lipid mediators, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes, that are involved in the immune response. Myristic and stearic acids are saturated fatty acids that are not involved in the synthesis of lipid mediators. Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid that can be converted to other fatty acids but is not a precursor specifically for immune response mediators.

Question 17

T lymphocytes mature in the _____ gland

Accepted Answer

T lymphocytes, also known as T cells, mature in the thymus gland. T lymphocytes, also known as T cells, mature in the thymus gland.

Question 18

Signs of inflammation include all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Loss of sensation is not a sign of inflammation. The other options (swelling, pain, and warmth) are all commonly associated with inflammation. Loss of sensation is not a typical sign of inflammation. The other choices (swelling, pain, warmth) are commonly associated with inflammation.

Question 19

The cell-mediated response differs from the humoral immune response in that, in the humoral response, _____ is/are produced

Accepted Answer

The humoral immune response involves the production of antibodies by B cells, which circulate in the bloodstream and bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction by other components of the immune system. The cell-mediated response involves activation of T cells, which directly attack infected cells or release cytokines to recruit other immune cells to the site of infection. Lymphokines and cytokines are both types of signaling molecules that can be produced by T cells, but they are not specific to the humoral response. Complement is a group of proteins that can assist in the destruction of pathogens, but they are not produced by B cells in the humoral response. In the humoral immune response, antibodies are produced by B cells. In contrast, in the cell-mediated immune response, T cells recognize and respond to infected or abnormal cells directly without producing antibodies. Lymphokines and cytokines are involved in both types of immune responses, but they are not the primary product of the humoral response. Complement, a group of proteins that can help to lyse pathogens, is activated by both the humoral and cell-mediated responses.

Question 20

If a patient is infected for the first time with an new antigen, the Ig likely produced is:

Accepted Answer

When a patient is infected for the first time with a new antigen, the first antibody produced is IgM. This is because IgM is the first class of antibody produced by the body in response to an antigen. It is a pentamer structure that can bind to a variety of antigens with high avidity. It is also capable of agglutination, complement activation, and opsonization. After a few days, IgG starts to appear and takes over the immune response. When a patient is infected with a new antigen for the first time, the initial immune response is mediated by IgM antibodies, which are the first antibodies to be produced during the primary immune response. IgM antibodies are relatively large and are present on B cells and in circulation. They are effective at activating the complement system and can neutralize pathogens by agglutinating them. Over time, IgG antibodies are produced and these can also neutralize pathogens by binding to them and triggering phagocytosis by immune cells.

Quiz 9: Cellular and Physiological Response to Injury:The Role of the Immune System