Question 1

In treating major depression,

Accepted Answer

Major depression is a complex condition, and often requires a combination of approaches for effective treatment. This may include medication, psychotherapy, and other interventions like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The specific treatment plan will depend on the individual and their specific symptoms and needs. While medication may be effective for some people, it is not always the best option, and psychotherapy can often provide valuable support and tools for managing depression. ECT may be considered in severe cases or when other treatments have not been effective.

Question 2

A client who has habitual negative thoughts of being a failure and worthless would be described as having _______ in Aaron Beck's theory.

Accepted Answer

In Aaron Beck's theory, these negative thoughts would be described as automatic thoughts, which are often associated with depression and can contribute to the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms.

Question 3

Both Warren and Richard lost their homes due to the fires in Ft. McMurray, Alberta. Warren developed major depression and required hospitalization, Richard, whose loss was greater, was able to cope with it. This difference in responses between the two men may be due to what is termed

Accepted Answer

The difference in responses between Warren and Richard may be due to genetic control of sensitivity to the environment, as some people may be more susceptible to developing depression in response to stressful life events due to their genetic makeup.

Question 4

Freud viewed depression as anger

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that depression was caused by anger that was turned inward and directed against the self. This anger was often related to unresolved conflicts and guilt from childhood experiences with authority figures, particularly parents. Freud referred to this as "introjected aggression."

Question 5

Beatrice has a history of bipolar disorder but has been effectively treated with medication. Which of the following medications is Beatrice most likely to receive?

Accepted Answer

Lithium is one of the most commonly used mood stabilizers for individuals with bipolar disorder. It is effective in reducing symptoms of mania and preventing episodes of both mania and depression. Fluoxetine and Prozac are both types of antidepressants and may not be the best choice for individuals with bipolar disorder. Alamene is not a recognized medication for treating bipolar disorder.

Question 6

The notion of depression as "anger turned inward" is associated with:

Accepted Answer

The notion of depression as "anger turned inward" is closely associated with Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud argued that depression is the result of unresolved feelings of anger and guilt from childhood experiences that are repressed and turned inward. This theory has been debated and criticized, but it remains an influential idea in the field of psychology.

Question 7

A patient is experiencing depression. His therapist asks him to record his thoughts, feelings, and behaviours over the next week in order to identify "triggers." What type of therapy is this therapist probably using?

Accepted Answer

The therapist is using a cognitive-behavioural therapy approach, as they are instructing the patient to record their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in order to identify triggers for their depression. This is a common technique used in CBT to help patients become more aware of negative or unhelpful patterns of thinking and behaviour, and learn to replace them with more positive and adaptive ones. Interpersonal psychotherapy, on the other hand, focuses on addressing interpersonal issues and improving relationships, while behavioural activation and behavioural therapy are more focused on changing behaviours directly rather than addressing underlying thoughts and emotions.

Question 8

First episodes of major depression are often connected to stressful life events. Recurrent episodes are often

Accepted Answer

Recurrent episodes of major depression tend to become more independent of life events, meaning they can occur with less direct connection to stressors compared to the first episode, which is often closely linked to a specific stressful life event.

Question 9

The text presentation, Research Hot Topic on Gene x Environment Interaction, points to the importance of _______ in scientific studies.

Accepted Answer

The text emphasizes the importance of replication in scientific studies, ensuring that findings are robust and not mere chance occurrences.

Question 10

Based on John Bowlby's model of attachment researchers have focused on how mother-infant attachment affects

Accepted Answer

Bowlby's model of attachment suggests that the quality of the mother-infant attachment relationship has long-lasting effects on the individual's social and emotional development. Research has consistently shown that insecure attachment in infancy is associated with increased vulnerability for depression and anxiety in adulthood. There is less evidence for the other options listed.

Question 11

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a form of therapy that relies heavily on:

Accepted Answer

CBT involves patients recording their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to identify and challenge negative patterns of thinking and behavior. It does not primarily focus on exploring anger turned inward, interpersonal relatedness, or suicide prevention, although these issues may be addressed within the context of CBT.

Question 12

According to your text, only one- ______ of people with major depression obtain professional treatment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to your text, only one- ______...

Question 13

Freud believed that depression resulted from either

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, depression arises from a real or imagined loss, such as the loss of a loved one, a job, or a sense of self-worth. This loss could trigger feelings of helplessness, guilt, and worthlessness, leading to a depressive episode.

Question 14

A first step in treating depression is

Accepted Answer

A comprehensive physical exam is important in ruling out any underlying medical condition that may be causing or contributing to the symptoms of depression. Psychological tests, psychosocial history, and interviews with family members or teachers can also be helpful, but they should be done after ruling out any medical causes for depression.

Question 15

Which of the following therapies recognizes the central influence of current relationships on mental health?

Accepted Answer

Interpersonal psychotherapy recognizes the central influence of current relationships on mental health. Client-centered psychotherapy focuses on empathy, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard for the client. Relationship therapy focuses on improving communication and resolving conflicts between couples or other close relationships. Transpersonal therapy focuses on spirituality and higher states of consciousness.

Question 16

Seligman's learned helplessness concept has been used as a framework for explaining the contribution of negative, inescapable events/environments to __________ in some people.

Accepted Answer

Seligman's learned helplessness concept has been linked to the development of major depressive disorder, with individuals experiencing feelings of helplessness and hopelessness as a result of prolonged exposure to negative, uncontrollable circumstances.

Question 17

Interpersonal psychotherapy is a time-limited intervention that has been shown to be effective in treating

Accepted Answer

Interpersonal psychotherapy has been extensively researched and shown to be effective in treating mild to moderate depression. It focuses on the interpersonal relationships and social functioning of the individual, and aims to improve their communication skills, problem-solving abilities, and support systems. It has not been proven effective for treating bipolar disorder or cyclothymia. It may also be helpful in treating certain types of childhood depression, but this is not its primary focus.

Question 18

"If I can't get an A in this course, I'm not going to apply to graduate school." This statement typifies which of the following common thinking errors?

Accepted Answer

The statement exhibits dichotomous thinking or black-and-white thinking, which involves seeing things in extreme, either/or, all-or-nothing terms.

Question 19

Research using fMRI studies of bipolar-disordered patients undergoing emotional and cognitive tasks has shown abnormal brain activity in

Accepted Answer

Research using fMRI studies of bipolar-disordered patients undergoing emotional and cognitive tasks has shown abnormal brain activity in multiple regions. These regions include the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and striatum.

Question 20

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) encourages patients with bipolar disorder to

Accepted Answer

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) encourages patients with bipolar disorder to implement routine and structure in their daily lives, including sleeping, eating, and participating in social activity on a regular schedule. This can help regulate and stabilize their mood. While improving social skills and recognizing social causes of mood shifts may be a part of IPSRT, the focus is primarily on establishing a consistent daily rhythm.

Quiz 6: Bipolar and Depressive Disorders