Question 1

What crime prevention method relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by making them more difficult to perform, reducing their reward, and increasing their risks?

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

Itsey, a kindergarten student, watches her father tower over her mother, glaring at her; she then hears her father yelling at her mother.  At school, the teacher tells the students to sit on the carpet for story time.  Itsey does not want to sit down just yet; she is busy at one of the centers in the classroom. Her teacher again asks everyone to sit down and  everyone does, except for Itsey.  The teacher then directly asks Itsey to sit down.  Itsey looks at her teacher and says she doesn't want to sit down and she better stop asking her to sit down; the next time she does, Itsey will bring a knife to school and cut her.  What theory aligns to the exchange between Itsey and her teacher?

Accepted Answer

Itsey's behavior aligns with the social learning theory, which suggests that people learn from observing others' behaviors, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors. In this case, Itsey is mimicking the aggressive behavior she observed at home, indicating she learned this response from watching her father's actions towards her mother.

Question 3

According to marketing research, youths in one particular age group watch violent horror movies at a higher rate than any other age group.  What is the age demographic to whom the marketing research is referring?

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Question 4

What theory links delinquency to biological and psychological characteristics that control human development?

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Question 5

What three individual-level factors have been linked to antisocial behavior?

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Question 6

What theory explains the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in humans?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary theory explains aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in humans, suggesting these behaviors may have offered survival and reproductive advantages in our ancestral environments.

Question 7

Drew was certified LD in reading; she is often frustrated with her studies and will often engage in inappropriate behaviors in school. What rationale assumes that Drew's frustration leads to a negative self-image and acting out problems?

Accepted Answer

The school failure rationale posits that academic struggles, such as those experienced by Drew due to her learning disability in reading, can lead to frustration and negative self-perceptions. This, in turn, may result in behavioral issues as a coping mechanism or as a way of expressing or diverting attention from their academic difficulties.

Question 8

Which of the following completes this sentence?  According to Hirschi and Hindelang, there is a clear link between criminality and

Accepted Answer

Hirschi and Hindelang's research found a correlation between low intelligence and increased criminality, suggesting that individuals with lower intelligence scores are more likely to engage in criminal behavior.

Question 9

The first attempts to discover why criminal tendencies developed focused upon what characteristic(s)?

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Question 10

Today, theorists focus attention on what two conditions that promote antisocial behavior?

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Question 11

What theory holds that the more severely youthful offenders are punished the less likely they are to repeat their illegal acts?

Accepted Answer

Specific deterrence theory posits that punishing offenders severely will discourage them from committing future crimes by instilling fear of further punishment.

Question 12

Jack and Joe are significantly similar in their personal characteristics such as intelligence, levels of aggression, and verbal skills.  Which of the following best describes Jack and Joe?

Accepted Answer

Monozygotic twins, also known as identical twins, are formed from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, leading to offspring that share nearly identical genetic material. This results in very similar personal characteristics, such as intelligence, levels of aggression, and verbal skills, as described for Jack and Joe.

Question 13

Violence can be used to achieve a number of specific goals; what type of goal would align with youths who take the law into their own hands if they do not trust the law?

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Question 14

What is the name of the condition in which the prevailing emotional disposition is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances?

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Question 15

What, according to Freud, develops through the reality of living in the world and helps manage and restrain the individual's need for immediate gratification?

Accepted Answer

The ego, according to Freud, develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It operates on the reality principle, working to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways.

Question 16

What crime prevention practice makes it more difficult for a would-be delinquent to carry out the illegal act; for example, installing a security device in a home?

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Question 17

Leo and Lila, high school students, were bored and wanted some excitement; they abducted an 8-year-old child from the playground, later killing the child.  When Leo and Lila were arrested a few days later, they testified that killing the child was an "awesome thrill."  What theory best describes their actions?

Accepted Answer

Arousal theory best describes their actions because it suggests that individuals commit crimes to seek excitement or stimulation when their arousal levels are too low. Leo and Lila's description of killing the child as an "awesome thrill" indicates they were seeking excitement, aligning with the principles of arousal theory.

Question 18

A youth who often feels threatened, overreacts to perceived slights, blames others for fights he initiates, and is overly defensive demonstrates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Reactive aggression is characterized by an overreaction to perceived threats or provocations, often with defensive or retaliatory behavior. The description matches the characteristics of reactive aggression, including feeling threatened, overreacting, blaming others, and being overly defensive.

Question 19

What view holds that youths are in charge of their own destinies and are able to make personal behavior choices unencumbered by environmental factors?

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Question 20

Prevention efforts should be directed at strengthening what two areas according to individual perspectives on delinquency?

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Quiz 3: Individual Views of Delinquency