Question 1

The first personality inventory was called the

Accepted Answer

The Woodworth Personal Data Sheet, developed during World War I to screen recruits for shell shock risk, is considered the first personality inventory.

Question 2

The two empirical strategies of test construction are the

Accepted Answer

The two empirical strategies of test construction are criterion group and factor analytic. Criterion group strategy involves selecting items that differentiate between groups known to differ on the trait being measured, while factor analytic strategy involves using statistical methods to identify clusters of test items that measure the same trait or ability.

Question 3

Personality is defined as an individual's patterns of behavior that

Accepted Answer

Personality is generally understood as a set of relatively stable and enduring characteristics that influence an individual's reactions to various situations in the environment. This definition emphasizes the consistency and stability of these traits over time, rather than changes or situational emotional states.

Question 4

An example of an early multidimensional logical-content scale is the

Accepted Answer

The Bell Adjustment Inventory is an early example of a multidimensional logical-content scale designed to assess various aspects of personal and social adjustment.

Question 5

Which strategy makes extensive use of cross-validation?

Accepted Answer

Criterion-group strategies make extensive use of cross-validation to ensure that the criteria or standards being used to make decisions or classifications are consistently applicable and reliable across different samples or contexts.

Question 6

Which approach relies on reasoning and deductive logic?

Accepted Answer

The logical-content strategy relies on reasoning and deductive logic to develop assessments or solutions. It involves using logical reasoning to ensure that the content of an assessment or strategy logically aligns with the constructs it aims to measure or address.

Question 7

The theoretical approach to test construction is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The theoretical approach to test construction is a deductive strategy because it starts with a theory or hypothesis and then designs a test to measure the constructs defined by that theory.

Question 8

The two deductive strategies of test construction are the

Accepted Answer

The answer of The two deductive strategies of test construction...

Question 9

The principal distinguishing characteristic of the logical-content strategy is that it assumes that the

Accepted Answer

The logical-content strategy in test development focuses on creating items that directly and logically relate to what is being measured, such as a subject's personality or behavior. This approach assumes that items can be crafted to reflect specific traits or behaviors of interest based on theoretical or logical grounds, rather than relying solely on statistical techniques or empirical validation to determine item relevance.

Question 10

Which approach examines common variance?

Accepted Answer

The factor analytic strategy examines common variance among variables to identify underlying factors that explain the patterns of correlations. This approach is used to reduce data dimensionality and to identify constructs that may not be directly observable.

Question 11

Which strategy is likely to use item analysis in order to create a homogeneous scale?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which strategy is likely to use item...

Question 12

An organized and relatively consistent set of assumptions that a person has about himself/herself is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

Self-concept refers to the organized and relatively consistent set of beliefs and perceptions a person has about themselves. It encompasses one's views about their own abilities, behaviors, and characteristics.

Question 13

The criterion group strategy is also called the

Accepted Answer

The criterion group strategy is also known as the empirical strategy because it involves directly comparing individuals who are known to have a particular trait or characteristic (the criterion group) with those who do not, to empirically identify items that distinguish between the two groups.

Question 14

All of his life, whenever Thomas met new groups of people he felt timid and shy and tended to retreat to the edge of the crowd until he was better acquainted. Thomas' behavior is best described as a personality ____.

Accepted Answer

Thomas' behavior is best described as a personality trait because it is a consistent pattern of feeling and behavior that he exhibits across different situations and over time. Traits are enduring characteristics that make up an individual's personality.

Question 15

The Mooney Problem Checklist relies on which approach to test construction?

Accepted Answer

The Mooney Problem Checklist uses the logical content approach to test construction, focusing on creating items based on the content area's logic and relevance to the construct being measured.

Question 16

The theoretical strategy attempts to produce scales that are

Accepted Answer

Theoretical strategy in scale production aims for homogeneity, meaning the items on the scale measure the same concept or construct to ensure consistency and reliability in the measurement.

Question 17

Which strategy relies on reason and logic as opposed to data collection and statistical analysis?

Accepted Answer

Deductive reasoning relies on logical progression from general premises to reach a specific, logical conclusion, as opposed to empirical methods which are based on observation and experimentation.

Question 18

Mrs. Bauer is normally a very happy person, but she recently learned her son had a chronic illness and has been somewhat gloomy and pessimistic. This behavior is typical of a personality ____.

Accepted Answer

Personality states are temporary behaviors or feelings that are situation-dependent, unlike traits which are consistent over time. Mrs. Bauer's gloominess and pessimism are reactions to her son's illness, indicating a temporary state rather than a permanent trait.

Question 19

What test was, in effect, a paper-pencil psychiatric interview?

Accepted Answer

The Woodworth Personal Data Sheet was designed as a written test to identify soldiers at risk of developing shell shock during World War I, functioning similarly to a psychiatric interview but in a paper-pencil format.

Question 20

At the broadest level, strategies for the development of personality tests can be divided into what two types?

Accepted Answer

The two broad strategies for developing personality tests are deductive, which involves using existing theories and logical reasoning, and empirical, which relies on data and statistical methods to identify patterns and relationships.

Quiz 13: Applications in Clinical and Counseling Settings