Question 1

On _____ schedules of reinforcement, the delivery of each reinforcer is followed by a period of time during which another reinforcer is not available.

Accepted Answer

On fixed time schedules of reinforcement, there is a set period after each reinforcer during which another reinforcer is not available, known as a post-reinforcement pause.

Question 2

The term schedule-induced polydipsia refers to a pattern of _____ that can most readily be induced by exposure to a(n) _____ schedule of food reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Schedule-induced polydipsia refers to excessive water drinking behavior that is most readily induced by a fixed-time (FT) or fixed-interval (FI) schedule of food reinforcement. This phenomenon occurs because the animal, unable to predict the exact timing of food delivery but knowing it is on a set schedule, engages in excessive drinking as a displacement activity.

Question 3

Evidence for the stimulus-substitution interpretation of autoshaping includes the fact that pigeons peck a key differently when the reinforcer is:

Accepted Answer

Pigeons peck a key differently when the reinforcer is food as opposed to water, supporting the stimulus-substitution interpretation, which suggests that the CS takes on properties of the US.

Question 4

Examples of adjunctive behaviors that have been produced in the laboratory include:

Accepted Answer

Adjunctive behaviors, also known as schedule-induced behaviors, are those that arise as a side effect of a controlled schedule of reinforcement, rather than being directly reinforced themselves. Examples include aggression, chewing on non-nutritive objects like wood shavings, and licking at an air stream. These behaviors have been observed in laboratory settings across various species, demonstrating how organisms can develop unexpected or seemingly irrelevant behaviors as a result of specific reinforcement schedules.

Question 5

Distinguishing features of adjunctive behavior include the fact that:

Accepted Answer

Adjunctive behavior, also known as schedule-induced behavior, is influenced by all the factors listed: it often occurs right after the consumption of a reinforcer, is affected by the level of deprivation for the reinforcer, and there is an optimal interval between reinforcers for its development.

Question 6

A short period of time during which there is a low probability or zero probability of reinforcement seems to be a critical factor in the development of _____.

Accepted Answer

Adjunctive behavior, also known as schedule-induced behavior, often arises during intervals of time when reinforcement (like food or water) is scarce or not available, leading to the development of additional, sometimes unrelated behaviors.

Question 7

Adjunctive behavior is also called _____ behavior.

Accepted Answer

Adjunctive behavior is also known as schedule-induced behavior, which refers to a type of behavior that emerges as a byproduct of an intermittent schedule of reinforcement for another behavior.

Question 8

Based on Jenkins & Moore's experiment on autoshaping, the fact that pigeons peck a key differently when the reinforcer is food as opposed to water is most readily explained in terms of:

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory best explains the difference in pecking behavior observed in Jenkins & Moore's experiment on autoshaping, as it suggests that the conditioned stimulus (key light) comes to substitute for the unconditioned stimulus (food or water), leading to a conditioned response (pecking) that mimics the natural unconditioned response to the unconditioned stimulus. This theory accounts for the variation in pecking style in response to different types of reinforcers (food vs. water).

Question 9

What time interval between the deliveries of food pellets will result in the greatest amount of drinking in a rat?

Accepted Answer

According to the principles of classical conditioning and the studies on schedule-induced polydipsia, a time interval of 120 seconds (2 minutes) between food pellet deliveries is most likely to result in the greatest amount of drinking behavior in rats. This phenomenon occurs because the moderate interval creates a situation where the animal, unable to predict the exact timing of the next food pellet, engages in other activities such as drinking, which becomes a conditioned response.

Question 10

One of the distinguishing characteristics of adjunctive behavior is that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of One of the distinguishing characteristics of adjunctive...

Question 11

The standard autoshaping procedure involves the use of a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The standard autoshaping procedure involves the use...

Question 12

Autoshaping is one type of _____ that fits well with Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory.

Accepted Answer

Autoshaping is a type of classical conditioning where an animal involuntarily learns an association between a stimulus and a response, fitting well with Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, which involves the substitution of one stimulus for another through conditioning.

Question 13

Adjunctive behavior is a(n) _____ pattern of behavior that emerges as a by-product of a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior.

Accepted Answer

Adjunctive behavior, also known as schedule-induced behavior, is an excessive pattern of behavior that emerges as a by-product of an intermittent schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior. This occurs because the intermittent schedule creates periods of time in which reinforcement is not available, leading to the emergence of additional, often unrelated behaviors.

Question 14

Autoshaping seems to provide evidence for:

Accepted Answer

Autoshaping is a type of conditioning that supports Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, where a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

Question 15

In negative automaintenance, sign tracking continues to occur even though it results in:

Accepted Answer

In negative automaintenance, sign tracking continues despite the behavior resulting in the loss of a reinforcer, demonstrating the strength of conditioned associations over immediate consequences.

Question 16

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of adjunctive behavior?

Accepted Answer

Adjunctive behavior typically develops when there is an optimal interval between reinforcers, allowing for the emergence of behaviors that are not directly related to the primary reinforcement schedule.

Question 17

In Brown and Jenkins's autoshaping procedure with pigeons, food delivery is programmed to occur:

Accepted Answer

In Brown and Jenkins's autoshaping procedure with pigeons, food delivery is programmed to occur following presentation of a key light for 8 seconds. This procedure is used to study how animals develop conditioned responses to stimuli that predict food.

Question 18

An excessive pattern of behavior that emerges as a by-product of an intermittent schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior is known as:

Accepted Answer

Adjunctive behavior, also known as schedule-induced behavior, occurs as an excessive pattern of behavior that emerges as a by-product of an intermittent schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior. This phenomenon is observed when an animal, subjected to a certain schedule of reinforcement, develops additional behaviors that are not directly reinforced by the schedule itself.

Question 19

In sign tracking, an organism approaches a stimulus that signals the presentation of an appetitive event. The approach behavior seems very much like a(n) _____ because it appears to be quite goal directed.

Accepted Answer

Sign tracking is considered an operant behavior because the organism is learning to associate a specific stimulus with a reward or appetitive event, and its actions are directed towards achieving that reward. This behavior is shaped by the consequences of the organism's actions, which is a hallmark of operant conditioning.

Question 20

Under which schedule of food reinforcement would one be most likely to induce an animal to drink excessive amounts of water?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Under which schedule of food reinforcement would...

Quiz 12: Biological Dispositions in Learning