Question 1

Which of the following is defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, either elected or appointed, in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives?

Accepted Answer

State-organized crime is defined by law as criminal activities committed by state officials in the course of their duties as government representatives. This involves illegal acts done under the guise of state authority, often for personal gain or to advance a specific governmental agenda.

Question 2

According to Bonn, the ________ administration initiated a campaign to convince the U.S. public  and the world that Iraq was involved in the attacks of 9/11 as an example of state-ordered crime.

Accepted Answer

The Bush administration initiated a campaign to convince the U.S. public and the world that Iraq was involved in the attacks of 9/11, which is considered an example of state-ordered crime according to Bonn. This was part of the rationale for the Iraq War that began in 2003.

Question 3

Left-realists do not view police as being inherently evil tools of capitalism, but they do wish that police would do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Left-realists advocate for policing that is more community-oriented, sensitive to public concerns, and less reliant on force, hence all the options are correct.

Question 4

According to Marx, those at the bottom of the class structure are the _______, who produce nothing and live off the work of others.

Accepted Answer

Marx referred to the "lumpen proletariat" as the class layer that is at the bottom of the class structure, which includes individuals who are not involved in productive labor and are often seen as living off the work of others. This group is distinct from the proletariat, which is the working class that sells its labor power.

Question 5

Conflict theorists believe that ______________ occurs when people are thrust outside the economic mainstream, forcing a larger portion of the population to live in areas conducive to crime.

Accepted Answer

Conflict theorists argue that marginalization occurs when individuals or groups are pushed to the fringes of society, where they are less likely to participate in the economic mainstream. This process can lead to increased poverty and crime rates in these marginalized areas.

Question 6

Which theorist argued that modern society is organized into imperatively coordinated associations--those who possess authority, and those who lack authority?

Accepted Answer

Ralf Dahrendorf argued that modern society is organized into imperatively coordinated associations, distinguishing between those who possess authority and those who lack it. His theory focuses on the conflict and power structures within society, emphasizing the roles of authority and coercion.

Question 7

According to Ralf Dahrendorf, modern society is comprised of:

Accepted Answer

Ralf Dahrendorf argued that modern society is characterized by competing interest groups, reflecting his conflict theory perspective which suggests that society is divided by differing interests.

Question 8

Richard Quinney's theory that criminal definitions represent the interests of those who hold power in society is known as:

Accepted Answer

Richard Quinney's theory that criminal definitions represent the interests of those who hold power in society is known as the "social reality of crime." This perspective emphasizes how societal power dynamics shape the creation and enforcement of laws, suggesting that what is considered criminal behavior is influenced by the interests of the powerful.

Question 9

The desire for ___________was one of the primary reasons for Japan's invasion of China and other Eastern nations that sparked their entry into World War II.

Accepted Answer

Japan's invasion of China and other Eastern nations was largely driven by the need for natural resources, such as oil, rubber, and minerals, which were essential for Japan's industrial and military expansion.

Question 10

Critical theorists believe that the motive of multinational corporations for providing jobs in third-world counties is to:

Accepted Answer

Critical theorists often argue that multinational corporations are motivated by the desire to exploit natural resources and desperate workers in third-world countries, taking advantage of lax regulations to maximize profits. This perspective emphasizes the exploitative aspects of global capitalism rather than altruistic motives.

Question 11

When conducting a meta-analysis of literature on police arrest practices, Koche, Wilson, and Mastrofski found that, after being stopped by the police,:

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that minority suspects are more likely to be arrested than white suspects after being stopped by the police, reflecting disparities in arrest practices.

Question 12

The view held by Marx that the laboring class produces goods whose value exceeds that of wages is known as:

Accepted Answer

Surplus value is the difference between the value of the goods produced by the laboring class and the wages they are paid.

Question 13

Which branch of conflict theory focuses on the emergence of a strict "law and order" philosophy and believes that street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making the poor doubly abused--first by the capitalist system, and then by members of their own class?

Accepted Answer

Left realism focuses on the reality of crime for the most disadvantaged and critiques both traditional criminology and radical approaches. It emphasizes the need for practical solutions to crime, recognizing that both the causes of crime and its impact are most severe for the poor, who are victimized by the system and then by criminals within their own communities.

Question 14

Which of the following is the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are means of defending and preserving the capitalist system?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the view...

Question 15

High schools located in poverty-stricken inner cities with completion rates of 40 percent or less are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

High schools with very low completion rates, particularly those in poverty-stricken inner cities, are often referred to as "dropout factories." This term highlights the high rate of students who do not finish their education at these schools.

Question 16

In 2013, a leak of documents stolen from the National Security Agency (NSA) by contract employee Edward Snowden revealed an example of:

Accepted Answer

The documents leaked by Edward Snowden in 2013 revealed extensive illegal domestic surveillance activities conducted by the National Security Agency (NSA), including the collection of telephone metadata and internet communications of millions of Americans without warrants.

Question 17

According to the instrumental view of critical criminology, the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich, but:

Accepted Answer

The instrumental view of critical criminology suggests that the criminal justice system is biased against the poor, leading to them being arrested and punished more often than the rich, regardless of actual crime rates.

Question 18

Within Marxist thought, the people who perform the actual work are called:

Accepted Answer

In Marxist theory, the term "the proletariat" refers to the class of workers who do not own the means of production and must sell their labor power to survive. They are the ones who perform the actual work in a capitalist society.

Question 19

Georg W. H. Hegel argued that for every idea or thesis there exists an opposing argument or:

Accepted Answer

Hegel's dialectic theory posits that the conflict between a proposition (thesis) and its counter (antithesis) leads to a new level of truth (synthesis).

Question 20

According to instrumental theorists, unmasking the true purpose of law and justice is said to _____________ it.

Accepted Answer

Instrumental theorists believe that revealing the true purpose of law and justice clarifies and simplifies its understanding, thus demystifying it.

Quiz 8: Social Conflict, Critical Criminology, and Restorative Justice