Question 1

All of the following are forms of empathy EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following are forms of...

Question 2

Marion tells her friends to exclude Cindy from their group.When Cindy sits at their lunch table, the group ignores her.This illustrates:

Accepted Answer

This illustrates social aggression, as Marion is using social exclusion and rejection as a means to harm Cindy.

Question 3

Mrs.Smith caught Joyce cheating on her second grade math test.After math, the class went to the playground and Mrs.Smith caught Bill cheating in a game of tag.Research on consistency of moral behavior suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Research on consistency of moral behavior suggests that cheating in one context does not necessarily predict cheating in another context, as moral behavior can vary across different situations.

Question 4

Donald hears two stories from his teacher.In the first story, a moral transgression was described as occurring between siblings.In the second story, the same transgression was described as occurring between more casual acquaintances.How is Donald likely to respond to the stories?

Accepted Answer

Donald is likely to respond to the sibling story with more care-based reasoning because siblings are expected to have a closer relationship and thus, there is a higher expectation for care and compassion between them. On the other hand, the same transgression occurring between acquaintances may lead to more emphasis on justice-oriented reasoning since there may not be the same level of care expectation between them.

Question 5

Justine is about to eat her sandwich at lunch.She realizes that the new girl at school did not bring lunch.Justine gives the girl her sandwich and just eats her apple for lunch.This is an illustration of:

Accepted Answer

This situation demonstrates altruism, which is when a person acts selflessly for the benefit of others. Justine gave up her own lunch to help the new girl who did not have one.

Question 6

Genetic factors are:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that genetic factors play a greater role in the emergence of physical aggression compared to social aggression. Environmental factors such as parenting and peer relationships are said to have a stronger influence on social aggression.

Question 7

Students who participated in the Free Speech Movement on the Berkeley campus in the 1960s were:

Accepted Answer

The Free Speech Movement involved a diverse group of students who participated for different reasons and expressed a range of moral reasoning. Therefore, it is likely that the participants represented several of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.

Question 8

Marianne drops her keys on the floor and unsuccessfully reaches for them.Her son, Diego, sees that his mother needs help reaching her keys.Diego tries to help his mother even though there are not obvious benefits to him.This illustrates ________ helping.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Marianne drops her keys on the floor...

Question 9

Which of the following statements best describes trends in cheating?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements best describes...

Question 10

Researchers used an apparatus to measure cooperation and competition among children.The goal was for each child to retrieve a marble from within the container.The results of this study suggest that:

Accepted Answer

The fact that the researchers used an apparatus to measure cooperation and competition among children implies that they were looking for individual differences in the way children approached the task. Therefore, the result that there are strong individual differences in this task is the most likely option. Neither A nor B is likely since they both suggest that there is a general trend in one direction or the other, but the result of the study is evidently more nuanced. There is no evidence for D.

Question 11

According to the ________ approach, the child evaluates the situation and the actors and takes into account culturally specific meanings in order to construct an interpretation specific to the context.

Accepted Answer

The constructivist approach emphasizes that children actively construct their own understanding of the social world by taking into account their cultural context and specific meanings attached to certain actions or behaviors.

Question 12

Leo has a strong "gut feeling" about what is morally right and wrong in a particular situation but is unable to justify those feelings with higher-order reasoning.This phenomenon is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Moral dumbfounding refers to the experience of being unable to justify one's moral intuitions with reasoning, and this is precisely what Leo is experiencing in this scenario. Moral confounding typically refers to situations where different moral principles appear to conflict, while moral dilemmas refer to situations where each available option entails violating one or more moral principles. Moral intuition, while related to the experience of moral dumbfounding, generally refers to the immediate, automatic, and non-conscious capacity to recognize morally relevant features of a situation.

Question 13

According to the ________ model of moral judgment, emotions like anger or contempt can be triggered automatically by perceived violations of norms and rights.

Accepted Answer

The social intuitionist model of moral judgment proposes that intuitive emotional reactions, such as anger or disgust, are triggered automatically in response to perceived violations of social norms or rights, thus shaping our moral judgments. This model emphasizes the role of emotions and social context in moral decision-making, and suggests that rational deliberation is often used to justify our pre-existing moral intuitions rather than to arrive at them.

Question 14

Linda is a 14-month-old.She sees her mother drop a clothespin while hanging up clothes.Her mother reaches but cannot retrieve the clothespin.Linda will likely:

Accepted Answer

At 14 months, Linda is old enough to show empathy and a desire to help others, even if there is no immediate benefit for herself. Research suggests that infants as young as 14 months can exhibit pro-social behaviors, including helping others. Therefore, Linda will likely try to help her mother retrieve the clothespin, even if there is no obvious reward or request for help.

Question 15

________ refers to the ability to hold off engaging in an action that will bring a desired result.

Accepted Answer

Delay of gratification refers to the ability to resist the temptation of an immediate reward in order to obtain a larger, more valuable reward in the future. It is commonly associated with the famous "marshmallow test" experiment where children were given the choice to eat one marshmallow immediately or wait for 15 minutes and receive two marshmallows. This ability is important for achieving long-term goals and success in many areas of life.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive and emotional empathy?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive empathy, which involves understanding another's perspective or mental state, is considered to develop later in life and is thought to be a more recent evolutionary development compared to emotional empathy, which involves sharing the feelings of another and is believed to be more primitive and develop earlier in life.

Question 17

All of the following are moral modules considered by Haidt and Joseph EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Immanent justice is not a moral module considered by Haidt and Joseph.

Question 18

________ is the term used to describe the ability to adjust or recover from adverse events or situations.

Accepted Answer

Resilience refers to the ability to adapt and recover from adverse events or situations. Adaptability and malleability have similar meanings but do not specifically refer to recovering from adversity. Plasticity refers more to the ability to change and adapt over time.

Question 19

Eisenberg proposed stages of reasoning about altruism.These stages consist of all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Eisenberg's stages of reasoning about altruism include appealing to internalized principles, concern with immediate self-interest, and seeking the approval of others, but not experiencing compassionate consideration as a distinct stage.

Question 20

All of the following statements about empathy are true EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

This statement is not entirely true. While it is true that infants and young toddlers may not fully understand the emotions of others and may not have the ability to empathize in a mature way, research has shown that babies as young as six months old have some capacity to feel and respond to the emotions of others.

Quiz 12: Morality in Thought and Action