Question 1

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome have _____ impairments that result in behavioral and intellectual disabilities.

Accepted Answer

Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by consumption of alcohol during pregnancy, which can result in central nervous system impairments such as poor memory, difficulty with attention and impulse control, and intellectual disabilities. This can also lead to behavioral problems such as hyperactivity, anxiety, and social withdrawal. The circulatory, respiratory, immune, and insulin delivery systems are not directly affected by fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 2

Which of the following is true of multiple fetuses?

Accepted Answer

Monozygotic twins result from the fertilized egg dividing into two within days after conception, creating two genetically identical embryos. Dizygotic twins, on the other hand, result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two separate sperm, creating two genetically unique embryos. Therefore, options A, B, C, and D are incorrect.

Question 3

Inadequate food intake in pregnant women with eating disorders is indicated by the presence of _____ in the urine.

Accepted Answer

Ketones in the urine are an indication of inadequate food intake, which is commonly seen in pregnant women with eating disorders. The body produces ketones when it is forced to break down fat for energy instead of using carbohydrates from food.

Question 4

Which artificial organ has been developed and may become available for use in the future to manage type 1 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

The artificial organ that has been developed and may become available for use in the future to manage type 1 diabetes is the artificial pancreas. This is a system that combines an insulin pump and a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) to automatically regulate blood glucose levels in people with type 1 diabetes. It can mimic the function of a healthy pancreas by providing both insulin and glucagon, which work together to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range.

Question 5

The vanishing twin phenomenon refers to _____.

Accepted Answer

The vanishing twin phenomenon refers to the disappearance of embryos within 13 weeks of conception. This can occur in pregnancies with multiples, resulting in a singleton birth or the birth of twins, triplets, or more.

Question 6

The recommended treatment for a pregnant woman with an eating disorder is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Referring the woman to a specialized eating disorder clinic that uses a team approach to solving nutritional issues is the recommended course of action for pregnant women with an eating disorder. This approach involves working with a team of healthcare professionals, including a therapist or counselor, a dietitian, and an obstetrician, to develop a treatment plan that addresses the woman's specific needs and concerns. This approach can help ensure that the woman receives the care and support she needs to maintain a healthy pregnancy while also addressing the underlying issues related to her eating disorder.

Question 7

The mean birthweight of newborns from a twin pregnancy is _____ grams.

Accepted Answer

The mean birthweight of newborns from a twin pregnancy is approximately 2400 grams. Singleton pregnancies usually have a higher average birthweight compared to twins.

Question 8

Which of the following eating disorders is most commonly observed among pregnant American women?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following eating disorders is...

Question 9

Assessment of urinary ketone levels is sometimes used in practice to estimate the adequacy of   _____.

Accepted Answer

Urinary ketone levels can indicate the adequacy of calorie and carbohydrate intake. The presence of ketones in urine indicates that the body is breaking down stored fat for energy, which typically occurs when carbohydrate intake is low. This can be an indicator of inadequate carbohydrate intake or poor glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. However, it is important to note that high levels of urinary ketones can also be a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes. Therefore, interpretation and monitoring of urinary ketone levels should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Question 10

Monozygotic twins are _____, while dizygotic twins are _____.

Accepted Answer

Monozygotic twins, also known as identical twins, come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two embryos. As a result, they are always the same sex. Dizygotic twins, also known as fraternal twins, come from two separate eggs that are fertilized by two separate sperm. Therefore, they have the same chance of being the same sex (50%) as any other full siblings.

Question 11

Abnormal facial features such as narrow openings between the upper and lower eyelids, a thin border on the upper edge of the lip, and the presence of a smooth ridge between the nose and lips are characteristics of infants _____.

Accepted Answer

Abnormal facial features such as narrow openings between the upper and lower eyelids, a thin border on the upper edge of the lip, and the presence of a smooth ridge between the nose and lips are characteristic of infants with fetal alcohol syndrome, caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Question 12

Pregnant adolescents have a higher requirement for _____ than pregnant adults.

Accepted Answer

Pregnant adolescents have a higher requirement for calcium because they are still growing themselves, in addition to supporting the development of the fetus.

Question 13

Identify the most common type of multifetal pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

Twins are the most common type of multifetal pregnancy, occurring in approximately 1 in every 80 pregnancies. The chances of higher order multiples (triplets, quadruplets, etc.) increase with the use of assisted reproductive technologies.

Question 14

A multifetal pregnancy is least likely to increase the risk for _____.

Accepted Answer

Multifetal pregnancies significantly increase the risk for complications such as preeclampsia, iron-deficiency anemia, preterm delivery, and Cesarean delivery. However, while they do increase the risk for maternal morbidity, the least likely increased risk among the options provided is maternal mortality.

Question 15

What is assisted reproductive technology (ART)?

Accepted Answer

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) refers to fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization, artificial insemination, and hormone treatments that help individuals or couples who have difficulty conceiving naturally.

Question 16

Identify the term used to refer to pregnant women with eating disorders who fail to gain weight during pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

The term used to refer to pregnant women with eating disorders who fail to gain weight during pregnancy is pregorexia. Option A (pregnancy fasting) is not a commonly used term for this condition. Option B (pregnancy-related food deficit) is not a specific term for this condition and could refer to a variety of reasons why a pregnant woman may not be getting enough food. Option C (pregulemia) is not a recognized medical term. Option E (pregnancy anorexia) is similar to pregorexia but is not as commonly used or recognized.

Question 17

The majority of twins born are _____.

Accepted Answer

Dizygotic twins, also known as fraternal twins, are the most common type of twins born. They occur when two separate eggs are fertilized by two separate sperm, leading to two genetically distinct individuals. Monozygotic or identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos, leading to two genetically identical individuals. Trizygotic triplets occur when three separate eggs are fertilized by three separate sperm.

Question 18

The term fetal alcohol spectrum is now being used to describe _____.

Accepted Answer

The term fetal alcohol spectrum is now being used to describe the range of effects alcohol has on fetal growth and development, which includes fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, among others.

Question 19

Theoretically, to achieve a 40-pound weight gain, women with twins would need to consume approximately _____ extra calories per day during pregnancy than do women with singleton pregnancies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Theoretically, to achieve a 40-pound weight gain,...

Question 20

Several studies on weight gain and birth weight have shown that a weight gain of approximately _____ pounds corresponds to healthy-sized triplets.

Accepted Answer

For healthy-sized triplets, a weight gain of approximately 50 pounds is recommended. This is based on guidelines and studies aimed at optimizing the health outcomes for both the mother and the babies.

Quiz 5: Nutrition During Pregnancy: Conditions and Interventions