Question 1

The measurement technique DLW uses ____ to determine energy expenditure.

Accepted Answer

DLW stands for Doubly Labeled Water, which uses radioactively labeled hydrogen and oxygen to determine energy expenditure. It involves measuring the elimination of these isotopes through urine samples over a period of time. Options A, B, and D are all other methods of measuring energy expenditure, but not used in DLW.

Question 2

For a sedentary individual, ____ typically makes up the largest portion of the day's total energy expenditure.

Accepted Answer

Resting metabolism, also known as resting energy expenditure or basal metabolic rate, accounts for the largest portion of the day's total energy expenditure for sedentary individuals. This is because they are not engaging in any significant physical activity throughout the day, and therefore their energy needs are primarily for basic bodily functions such as maintaining organ function, breathing, and circulating blood.

Question 3

Which equation most accurately predicts resting metabolic rate in healthy Caucasian adults?

Accepted Answer

The Mifflin-St Jeor equation has been found to be the most accurate equation for predicting resting metabolic rate in healthy Caucasian adults. It takes into account age, sex, weight, and height to calculate basal metabolic rate (BMR), which is then multiplied by an activity factor to estimate total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). This equation has been shown to be more accurate than the older Harris-Benedict equation, which is based on similar variables but is less precise. The Owen equation is only applicable to young men and the WHO/FAO/UNU equation may overestimate the resting metabolic rate in overweight or obese individuals.

Question 4

The energy content of ____ is estimated to be the same kcal\g.

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates and proteins both provide approximately 4 kcal/g, while fats provide about 9 kcal/g and alcohol provides about 7 kcal/g.

Question 5

On average, 1 liter of oxygen consumed is equivalent to ____ kcal of energy expended.

Accepted Answer

The answer of On average, 1 liter of oxygen consumed...

Question 6

One MET is equal to ____.

Accepted Answer

One MET is defined as the energy expenditure of an average resting metabolic rate, which is approximately 3.5 mL of oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight per minute. It is used as a reference point to compare the intensity of different activities.

Question 7

Estimate the resting metabolic rate of a 165-lb (75-kg)male using the Simplified Resting Metabolic Rate Formula.

Accepted Answer

The Simplified Resting Metabolic Rate Formula is: 
For males: RMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) - 5 x age (years) + 5

Using this formula, the estimated RMR for a 75-kg male would be: 
RMR = 10 x 75 + 6.25 x (175) - 5 x 30 + 5 
RMR = 750 + 1094 - 150 + 5 
RMR = 1699

However, the answer choices are in units of kcal/d, so we need to convert the RMR from kcal/min to kcal/d. There are 1440 minutes in a day, so: 
RMR = 1699 x 1440 / 1000 
RMR = 2447 kcal/d

The closest answer choice is B, 1,800 kcal/d, which is not the exact answer but is the best choice given the options provided.

Question 8

Which macronutrient has the greatest effect on the thermic effect of food?

Accepted Answer

Proteins have the greatest effect on the thermic effect of food. This is because the body requires more energy to break down and digest protein compared to carbohydrates and fats. It is estimated that 20-30% of the calories from protein are utilized just to digest and absorb it, which contributes to a higher metabolic rate after consuming protein-rich foods.

Question 9

In the energy balance equation, the only component of "energy in" is ____.

Accepted Answer

"Energy in" refers to the energy consumed through food, therefore the only component of "energy in" is A) food. The thermic effect of food, basal metabolism, and physical activity are all components of "energy out" in the energy balance equation.

Question 10

Which statement is true when people are asked to keep a food diary?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement is true when people are...

Question 11

What contributes the smallest amount of energy expended over a 24-hour period?

Accepted Answer

Thermic effect of food contributes the smallest amount of energy expended over a 24-hour period. It only accounts for about 10% of total energy expenditure, while resting metabolism (A), physical activity (C), and basal metabolic rate (D) all contribute significantly more.

Question 12

When compared to basal metabolic rate, resting metabolic rate is about ____.

Accepted Answer

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is typically about 10 percent higher than basal metabolic rate (BMR). This difference is due to the slightly less strict conditions under which RMR is measured, allowing for some energy expenditure that isn't accounted for in BMR.

Question 13

Which equation used to predict resting metabolic rate may better account for the higher amount of lean body mass in trained athletes?

Accepted Answer

The Cunningham equation takes into account the individual's lean body mass through the use of an equation that includes measurements of body fat and fat-free mass. Therefore, it may better account for the higher amount of lean body mass in trained athletes.

Question 14

The size and complexity of which device makes them unsuitable for measuring energy expenditure for short time intervals, particularly less than 30 minutes?

Accepted Answer

Room-size calorimeters are large and complex systems that require an individual to remain in a confined space for an extended period. This makes them unsuitable for measuring energy expenditure for short time intervals, particularly less than 30 minutes. Therefore, option A is the best choice.

Question 15

What is the amount of energy per unit time required by the body to maintain a nonactive but alert state?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the amount of energy per...

Question 16

Direct calorimetry works based on the principle that ____.

Accepted Answer

Direct calorimetry measures heat produced by the body and assumes that all the energy expenditure is converted to heat. The amount of heat produced is proportional to the amount of energy expended, making option B the correct choice. Option A is partially correct as a rise in body temperature can reflect energy expenditure, but it is not the principle behind direct calorimetry. Option C refers to indirect calorimetry, where energy expenditure is estimated based on oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Option D has no scientific basis for predicting energy expenditure.

Question 17

The minimal energy expenditure compatible with life is ____.

Accepted Answer

Basal metabolism refers to the minimal energy expenditure required by the body to maintain basic life functions, such as breathing, maintaining body temperature, and circulating blood. Resting metabolism refers to the amount of energy expended when a person is at rest but not necessarily in a fully fasted state, and includes the energy used for digestion and physical activity. The thermic effect of food refers to the energy required by the body to digest and metabolize food, while the resting exchange ratio is a measure of the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed at rest. Therefore, basal metabolism is the best choice as it specifically refers to the minimal energy expenditure required for basic life functions.

Question 18

Using the Cunningham Equation estimate the resting metabolic rate of a 25-year-old female endurance athlete who is 5'8" and weighs 145 lb. At 20 percent body fat she has approximately 52.7 kg of fat-free mass.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Using the Cunningham Equation estimate the resting...

Question 19

Of the three constituents of total energy expenditure the one that can be influenced most readily and to the largest extent by the individual is ____.

Accepted Answer

Physical activity can be easily adapted and increased by the individual, whereas resting metabolism rate and thermic effect of food are largely determined by genetics and body composition. Food intake can also be controlled by the individual, but it is harder to modify than physical activity.

Question 20

Indirect calorimetry works based on the principle that ____.

Accepted Answer

Indirect calorimetry measures the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced, as a reflection of the body's metabolic rate. This metabolic rate can be used to estimate energy expenditure.

Quiz 2: Defining and Measuring Energy