Question 1

The control of gastric secretions is accomplished through complementary actions of the nervous and endocrine systems and involves four major chemical messengers: acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin, and:

Accepted Answer

The three major types of cells in the stomach contribute to the production of the four major chemical messengers that control gastric secretions: parietal cells produce histamine, G cells produce gastrin, D cells produce somatostatin, and enteric neurons produce acetylcholine. The fourth major chemical messenger is not produced by any of these cells, but instead is produced by enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach. This chemical messenger is prostaglandin E2, not serotonin, nitric oxide, neurotensin, or norepinephrine. Therefore, the correct answer is C) somatostatin.

Question 2

What is an example of a nutrition intervention recommended for stomatitis?

Accepted Answer

Avoiding extremes of hot or cold food temperatures can help reduce irritation and pain in the mouth, which is helpful for managing stomatitis. Increasing intake of carbonated beverages, consuming more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day, and using alcohol-based mouth rinses can all further irritate the mouth and should be avoided. Oral glutamine supplements may be beneficial for some people with stomatitis, so avoiding them is not necessarily recommended without consulting a healthcare provider.

Question 3

Which is considered a true statement regarding hiatal hernia?

Accepted Answer

Pregnancy can increase intra-abdominal pressure, which may lead to the development or worsening of a hiatal hernia. This is due to the growing uterus pushing on the stomach and other organs, potentially causing or exacerbating a hernia.

Question 4

Which activity may increase the risk of development of dental caries?

Accepted Answer

Sipping sugared beverages for prolonged periods increases the exposure of teeth to sugar, which can lead to the development of dental caries. The other options are either neutral or beneficial for dental health.

Question 5

Which of the following statements best describes the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

Accepted Answer

The pharyngeal phase of swallowing is the phase in which the involuntary swallowing reflex is initiated and the bolus is carried through the pharynx to the top of the esophagus. This phase involves the closure of the airway to prevent aspiration of food or liquid into the lungs, elevation of the larynx to protect the airway, and contraction of the pharyngeal muscles to move the bolus into the esophagus.

Question 6

Which of the following electrolytes are present in saliva?

Accepted Answer

Potassium, sodium chloride, and bicarbonate are commonly found electrolytes in saliva. Sodium and chloride are also present, but calcium and magnesium are typically found in much lower concentrations. Iron, phosphate, and hydrogen chloride are not typically found in significant amounts in saliva.

Question 7

What is an example of a change in gastrointestinal physiology that occurs with aging?

Accepted Answer

Atrophy of the small intestine mucosa is a common change in gastrointestinal physiology with aging. This can lead to malabsorption of nutrients and an increased risk for conditions such as osteoporosis and anemia. The other choices are not typical changes associated with aging.

Question 8

Which intervention is most appropriate for preventing "baby bottle tooth decay?"

Accepted Answer

Removing a bottle from the child's mouth during sleep is the most appropriate intervention for preventing "baby bottle tooth decay." This condition often occurs when a baby falls asleep with a bottle in their mouth, allowing milk or juice to pool around the teeth for long periods, which can lead to decay.

Question 9

The innermost layer of the esophagus is called the:

Accepted Answer

The innermost layer of the esophagus is the mucosa, which is composed of epithelial cells and contains glands that secrete mucus to aid in swallowing. The muscle layer is found beneath the mucosa and is responsible for peristalsis, or the coordinated contraction of smooth muscle to move food down the esophagus. The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue that supports the other layers of the esophagus. The adventitia is the outermost layer of the esophagus, which is composed of loose connective tissue that attaches the esophagus to surrounding structures. There is no such layer as the "secretory layer."

Question 10

A jaw fracture that results in multiple pieces of bone is called a:

Accepted Answer

A comminuted fracture is a type of fracture where the bone is broken into multiple pieces. This is the most appropriate choice for a jaw fracture that results in multiple pieces of bone.

Question 11

Which medication is classified as a proton pump inhibitor?

Accepted Answer

Nexium is classified as a proton pump inhibitor, which reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach. Mylanta and Gaviscon are antacids that neutralize stomach acid, while Pepcid AC and Reglan are histamine blockers and prokinetic agents, respectively, that also help to reduce stomach acid but function differently than proton pump inhibitors.

Question 12

Inflammation of the oral mucosa that is often associated with fungal infections or with herpes-like viruses is called:

Accepted Answer

Stomatitis refers to inflammation of the oral mucosa, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including fungal infections or herpes-like viruses. Gingivitis refers specifically to inflammation of the gums, while cheilosis refers to inflammation of the lips. Glossitis refers to inflammation of the tongue, and xerostomia refers to dry mouth.

Question 13

Food storage occurs primarily in which part of the stomach?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Food storage occurs primarily in which part...

Question 14

Identify the chemical messenger that stimulates the production of hydrochloric acid.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify the chemical messenger that stimulates the...

Question 15

A dietitian is providing nutrition information to a patient with a jaw fracture who has had a maxillomandibular fixation. Which type of food would the dietitian most likely tell the client to avoid?

Accepted Answer

Rye bread should be avoided because it is tough and chewy, making it difficult to consume for someone with a maxillomandibular fixation, as they are typically restricted to a liquid or soft diet.

Question 16

Saliva is produced in the mouth by three pairs of salivary glands: the parotid, submandibular, and:

Accepted Answer

The three pairs of salivary glands that produce saliva in the mouth are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The other answer choices (occipital, supramandibular, lingual, and maxillary) are not salivary glands located in the mouth.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes a nutrition intervention for xerostomia?

Accepted Answer

Adding extra sauces and gravies to foods can help alleviate the symptoms of xerostomia (dry mouth) by making foods easier to swallow and increasing moisture in the mouth.

Question 18

Which is an example of a factor that contributes to lower esophageal sphincter incompetence?

Accepted Answer

Cigarette smoking is a factor that contributes to lower esophageal sphincter incompetence.

Question 19

A patient with dysphagia aspirates food approximately 10% of the time while eating and has no cough reflex. According to the Dysphagia Severity Scale, which level of severity would this patient be classified as having?

Accepted Answer

The Dysphagia Severity Scale ranges from 1 (least severe) to 7 (most severe). A patient who aspirates about 10% of the time and lacks a cough reflex would be classified as level 5, indicating a severe impairment that significantly impacts safety and efficiency of swallow, necessitating alternative methods of nutrition.

Question 20

Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are secreted in the stomach by:

Accepted Answer

Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are secreted in the stomach by the parietal cells. The pylorus helps to control the release of food from the stomach into the small intestine, histamine is involved in regulating stomach acid secretion, somatostatin inhibits the release of various gastrointestinal hormones including gastric acid, and mucous cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from acid.

Quiz 14: Diseases of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract