Question 1

Martin Luther King, Jr., who fought for civil rights of minorities and underrepresented groups, displayed what level of morality according to Kohlberg's theory?

Accepted Answer

Martin Luther King, Jr. fought for civil rights with the belief in principles of justice and equality, even if it meant going against the laws of his society. This shows a level of postconventional morality, which focuses on abstract principles and values beyond the laws and norms of society.

Question 2

Kohlberg expanded on Piaget's theory by developing a theory of stages of moral judgment. Children of the early- school-age period (4 to 6 years of age) are most likely to be at which level?

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory, children in the preconventional level (ages 4-10) base their moral judgments on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.

Question 3

The object relations theoretical perspective on moral development has revised Freud's original thinking in what way?

Accepted Answer

The object relations perspective on moral development emphasizes the role of early emotional attachments with caregivers in the development of a sense of morality. This perspective revises Freud's original theory by suggesting that moral development begins earlier than Freud believed, and is rooted in emotional rather than primarily cognitive processes.

Question 4

Six-year-old Francene sees rules as a product of cooperative agreements. Because of this, Francene is said to have achieved a level of ____________ morality.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, autonomous morality is the final level of moral development, typically achieved in early adolescence or adulthood. This level is characterized by the recognition that rules are products of social agreements, rather than objective truths or external authorities. Francene's understanding of rules as a product of cooperative agreements suggests that she has reached this level of moral development, making choice C the correct answer.

Question 5

Research with early-school-age children suggests that their moral reasoning focuses on

Accepted Answer

Research shows that the moral reasoning of early-school-age children (ages 6-10) is primarily focused on understanding the consequences of their actions. They are still developing their ability to understand and apply social contracts, ethical principles, and authority figures in their moral reasoning.

Question 6

According to psychoanalytic theory, morality (superego) results from

Accepted Answer

According to psychoanalytic theory, morality (superego) results from parental identification, specifically by internalizing the values and attitudes of one's parents or other significant authority figures. This process leads to the development of an internalized moral code that guides one's behavior and decision-making.

Question 7

When a person decides whether something is morally right or wrong based on how individuals in positions of authority view it, the person is said to be at which level of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

This describes the Conventional level of moral reasoning, where individuals base their moral judgments on societal norms and expectations, including the views of authority figures. The Preconventional level is based on self-interest, while the Postconventional level involves an internalization of moral principles beyond societal expectations. The Unconventional level involves rejecting societal norms entirely.

Question 8

Samantha, who is 5 years old, is watching TV and sees a boy lie to his mother but suffer no consequence. According to social learning theory, she is likely to conclude that

Accepted Answer

According to social learning theory, individuals learn by observing the behavior of others and the consequences that follow. If Samantha observes a boy lying and not facing any consequences, she may conclude that lying is acceptable behavior. This is because she is more likely to imitate the behavior that she sees being rewarded or not punished.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a social convention transgression as compared to a moral transgression?

Accepted Answer

Using another child's hat and gloves without their permission may be seen as a breach of a social convention, such as respecting personal property and boundaries. This is not considered a moral transgression as it does not involve deliberate harm or dishonesty towards others.

Question 10

Several of Freud's ideas about moral development have been shown to be incorrect. Which idea below is an incorrect assumption of Freud's?

Accepted Answer

Girls' superego is weaker than boys' and girls are less able to resist temptation.

Question 11

Alexis, a 6-year old, really wants to eat a cookie out of the cookie jar. However, she remembers how mad her mother got at her when she ate a cookie right before dinner last week and she starts to feel anxiety. In the end, Alexis decides not to eat the cookie because she knows it is wrong. This is an example of ________ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of avoidance conditioning, where Alexis has learned to avoid the negative consequences of eating a cookie before dinner.

Question 12

The most effective way to sustain internalization is through

Accepted Answer

The answer of The most effective way to sustain internalization...

Question 13

According to cognitive developmental theory, advances in moral reasoning occur when a child has to reconcile new views about basic moral concepts with existing views about what is right or wrong. This process is called

Accepted Answer

According to cognitive developmental theory, advances in moral reasoning occur through a process called equilibration, where a child has to reconcile new views about basic moral concepts with existing views about what is right or wrong. Equilibration involves balancing existing knowledge structures (schemas) with new information or experiences, resulting in a more advanced level of moral reasoning.

Question 14

Every day Joseph watches Molly get in trouble when she rides her bike further than their mother allows them to go. Joseph really wants to go around the corner when riding his bike but he knows his mother will be angry and that he will get in trouble, so he stops at the corner and turns back toward their house on his bike. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Joseph learns from observing Molly's experiences (observation of models) that going beyond the corner leads to trouble, so he chooses not to do so to avoid the same consequences.

Question 15

Piaget described the major transition in moral development from heteronomous to    ________morality.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that children moved from heteronomous morality, which is based on external rules and punishment, to autonomous morality, which is based on one's own internal principles and values. Therefore, the best choice is D, autonomous morality.

Question 16

According to object relations theory, morality has its basis in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

According to object relations theory, individuals develop their sense of morality based on their experiences in relationships with important others (e.g. parents, caregivers). Specifically, behaviors that strengthen or threaten the bonds between the self and valued others serve as the basis for developing a sense of morality. This is because individuals learn to act in a way that maintains these important relationships and avoids losing them, which in turn shapes their sense of right and wrong.

Question 17

According to cognitive developmental theory, an important aspect of heteronomous moral behavior is

Accepted Answer

Heteronomous morality, as described by Piaget, focuses on the belief that rules are unchangeable and that morality is dictated by consequences, particularly punishment, rather than intentions or the nature of the act itself. Thus, the expectation of observation and punishment is central to this stage of moral development.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about stage 6 moral reasoning in Kohlberg's model is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Stage 6 moral reasoning involves the development of a set of universal ethical principles that apply across time and culture. This stage is considered the highest level of moral reasoning, but not all individuals necessarily reach this stage. It is also not the most common stage of moral reasoning for adults. Stage 6 reasoning is based on individual principles and values, rather than societal laws or authority figures.

Question 19

What type of early childhood educational environment can promote more autonomous, flexible moral reasoning in young children?

Accepted Answer

Involving children in rule making and providing them with conflict resolution strategies helps to promote autonomy and flexibility in moral reasoning. Punishment alone is not an effective way to teach children how to think critically about their actions and make ethical decisions. Additionally, having consistency between parents and teachers is important, but it is not sufficient on its own to promote autonomous and flexible moral reasoning. Simply stating rules is also not enough - children need to be actively engaged in the process of developing rules and understanding why they are important.

Question 20

According to social learning theory, learning the moral code occurs largely through which of the following?

Accepted Answer

According to social learning theory, moral learning occurs largely through observation and imitation, as individuals learn social norms and values by observing others and imitating their behaviors.

Quiz 7: Early School Age 4 to 6 Years

Martin Luther King, Jr., who fought for civil rights of minorities and underrepresented groups, displayed what level of morality according to Kohlberg's theory?

Kohlberg expanded on Piaget's theory by developing a theory of stages of moral judgment. Children of the early- school-age period (4 to 6 years of age) are most likely to be at which level?

The object relations theoretical perspective on moral development has revised Freud's original thinking in what way?