Question 1

During REM sleep, responsiveness to environmental stimuli decreases but muscle tone is retained.

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, muscle tone is significantly reduced, leading to a state of temporary paralysis, while the brain remains active and less responsive to external stimuli.

Question 2

In general, the bedtime and wake time of older adults are earlier than those of younger adults and napping may increase.

Accepted Answer

As people age, their circadian rhythms often shift, leading to earlier bedtimes and wake times. Additionally, older adults may experience increased daytime sleepiness, leading to more frequent naps.

Question 3

The normal aging process is not associated with a decreased need for sleep, but it is associated with decreased ability to sleep.

Accepted Answer

As people age, their sleep patterns often change, leading to lighter and more fragmented sleep, but the overall need for sleep does not necessarily decrease.

Question 4

What medical condition, whether as a cause of awakening or in response to awakening for other reasons, is commonly associated with perceived poor sleep quality in older adults?

Accepted Answer

Nocturia, the need to wake up during the night to urinate, is commonly associated with perceived poor sleep quality in older adults.

Question 5

Levels of what hormone are highest before sleep onset and are produced in response to sunlight exposure?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin levels are highest before sleep onset and are produced in response to the absence of sunlight, helping regulate the sleep-wake cycle.

Question 6

An increased level of what neurotransmitter is associated with sleep deprivation and its action is blocked by methylxanthines such as caffeine?

Accepted Answer

Adenosine levels increase with prolonged wakefulness and sleep deprivation, promoting sleepiness. Methylxanthines like caffeine block adenosine receptors, reducing its sleep-inducing effects.

Question 7

What stage of the sleep architecture is commonly referred to as "dreaming" sleep?

Accepted Answer

Stage R, also known as REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, is commonly referred to as "dreaming" sleep because this is when most vivid dreaming occurs.

Question 8

Sleep efficiency falls approximately what percentage per decade, reflecting less time spent asleep while in bed attempting to sleep?

Accepted Answer

Sleep efficiency typically decreases by about 3% per decade as people age, indicating a reduction in the proportion of time spent asleep while in bed.

Question 9

Simple visual inspection revealing a small or recessed mandible, dental malocclusion, a large tongue, or enlarged tonsils may suggest overcrowding of the oropharynx, which may contribute to what medical condition?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Simple visual inspection revealing a small or...

Question 10

Subjective sleep quality can be assessed using which of the following instruments that is composed of 10 items that assess sleep disturbance and medication use as well as daytime dysfunction?

Accepted Answer

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a 10-item instrument that assesses various aspects of sleep quality, including sleep disturbance, medication use, and daytime dysfunction.

Question 11

Inadequate cognitive function to perform complex mental and decision-making tasks, as well as the development of delirium, are associated with sleep disturbance and may result in institutionalization.

Accepted Answer

Sleep disturbances can impair cognitive function and lead to conditions like delirium, which may necessitate institutional care for affected individuals.

Question 12

NREM sleep is characterized by dreaming with variable responsiveness to environmental stimuli, voluntary muscle paralysis, and variable autonomic activity.

Accepted Answer

NREM sleep is characterized by reduced dreaming, decreased responsiveness to environmental stimuli, and decreased autonomic activity, unlike REM sleep which involves dreaming and muscle paralysis.

Question 13

Hypoventilation and hypoxemia disorders may occur in the presence of normal pulmonary mechanical properties and may be precipitated by CNS depressants.

Accepted Answer

CNS depressants can reduce the drive to breathe, leading to hypoventilation and subsequent hypoxemia, even if the lungs themselves are mechanically normal.

Question 14

The proposed response to periods of extended wakefulness, in concert with circadian response to environmental light stimulation of the retina and suprachiasmatic nucleus, is referred to as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The proposed response to periods of extended wakefulness, in concert with circadian response to environmental light stimulation, is referred to as "sleep drive," which is the body's increasing need for sleep the longer one stays awake.

Question 15

What neurotransmitter promotes sleep and is the primary inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter?

Accepted Answer

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and promotes sleep by reducing neuronal excitability.

Question 16

Although not diagnostic, high scores on what sleep assessment instrument suggest the possible presence of obstructive sleep apnea or narcolepsy?

Accepted Answer

The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) measures daytime sleepiness, which can be a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea or narcolepsy.

Question 17

Apnea refers to absence of airflow at the nose or mouth for what period of time or longer, and is classifiable by type?

Accepted Answer

Apnea is defined as the absence of airflow at the nose or mouth for at least 10 seconds or longer, and it can be classified by type such as obstructive, central, or mixed.

Question 18

The relative amounts of the different sleep stages composing sleep and timing of sleep cycles is referred to as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Sleep architecture refers to the structure and pattern of sleep cycles, including the different sleep stages and their relative amounts.

Question 19

Hypoventilation and hypoxemia disorders often follow a slowly progressive course that can lead to what medical condition?

Accepted Answer

Hypoventilation and hypoxemia can lead to pulmonary hypertension due to prolonged low oxygen levels causing increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries.

Question 20

Diagnosis of narcolepsy is based on patient-reported symptoms and supported by hypocretin-l levels less than 110 ppg/mL in what bodily fluid?

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy diagnosis is supported by measuring hypocretin-1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where levels less than 110 pg/mL are indicative of the disorder.

Quiz 16: Sleep Disorders