Question 1

A comparison of values of a variable across time periods, must choose which primary common factor for the comparison to be valid?
A) ending period
B) range of time
C) number of periods
D) base period

Accepted Answer

The base period is essential for a valid comparison of values of a variable across time periods because it serves as the reference point or standard from which changes are measured.

Question 2

Each of the following statements give the factors that affect a comparison of values of a variable. Which statement is correct?
A) topic, unit, data source, context
B) context, purchase power, inflation
C) exchange rate, base period, location
D) time period, cost of living, location, unit

Accepted Answer

The correct factors that affect a comparison of values of a variable include topic, unit, data source, and context, as these elements are essential for ensuring that comparisons are meaningful and accurate.

Question 3

A researcher studying the rate of poverty in Southeast Asian countries, defines a threshold value of household income to identify poverty, based on the data. She uses this threshold on the data collected for further analysis and conclusions. Which factor did the researcher not consider in her study?
A) a base period
B) external standards
C) currency rates
D) internal standards

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher studying the rate of poverty...

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true with regard to characteristics of standards? Choose the best answer.
A) measurement units, location, time period
B) historical records of international body
C) patterns, records, cycles, benchmarks
D) target values, cyclical patterns, units, time

Accepted Answer

Standards are typically characterized by patterns, records, cycles, and benchmarks, which are used to measure and evaluate performance or quality.

Question 5

What is the primary purpose of most research studies?
A) how two dependent variables change in relation to each other
B) how an outcome variable varies with change in an independent variable
C) validating a null hypothesis defined by the researcher
D) variation in two or more independent variables for different topics

Accepted Answer

The primary purpose of most research studies is to understand how an outcome variable (dependent variable) varies with changes in one or more independent variables. This allows researchers to identify cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 6

A reference value is the value of an independent variable against which other values of that variable is to be compared.

Accepted Answer

A reference value serves as a baseline or standard for comparison, allowing other values of the independent variable to be evaluated relative to it.

Question 7

For an interval variable, the class or group of the comparison value is known as the comparison group.

Accepted Answer

In statistics, the comparison group refers to a group used as a benchmark to compare against another group, not a class or group of a comparison value for an interval variable.

Question 8

An independent variable containing census blocks of customers' residences has the highest frequency of customers (30%) residing in a particular census block. This census block could be considered as a reference category for comparison between census blocks.

Accepted Answer

The census block with the highest frequency of customers can serve as a reference category because it represents the most common or baseline group against which other census blocks' customer distributions can be compared.

Question 9

In case of a dichotomous categorical variable, such as presence or absence of a risk factor among people analyzed in a study, the presence of the risk factor could be taken as the comparison category.

Accepted Answer

In a dichotomous categorical variable, the absence of the risk factor is typically taken as the reference or comparison category, not the presence.

Question 10

A comparison of values for two time points or periods is called a temporal comparison.

Accepted Answer

A temporal comparison involves comparing values, data, or information across two different time points or periods to observe changes, trends, or differences over time.

Question 11

Standard patterns of a topic or phenomena are usually calculated from sample data for a particular time point.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Standard patterns of a topic or phenomena...

Question 12

A retail bank requires a minimum of $1,000 to be maintained in their premier savings account. The value of $1,000 could be termed as a threshold.

Accepted Answer

A threshold in this context refers to the minimum limit required for a specific condition to apply, in this case, the minimum balance needed to maintain a premier savings account.

Question 13

The normal rate of a resting heart lies between 60 and 100 beats per minute. A heart rate of 100 beats per minute could be taken as a benchmark for a normal heart rate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The normal rate of a resting heart...

Question 14

A contrast size is the difference in units between an independent quantitative variable and the associated outcome variable.

Accepted Answer

Contrast size typically refers to the difference in outcomes between groups in an experiment or study, not the difference between a quantitative variable and its outcome.

Question 15

Values of a continuous independent variable must be in the same units and may or may not be at the same level of aggregation, in order to do a comparison of its values.

Accepted Answer

Values of a continuous independent variable must be in the same units and at the same level of aggregation to ensure a valid and meaningful comparison.

Question 16

Explain, using an example, the difference between a reference value and a reference category.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain, using an example, the difference between...

Question 17

List the main criteria in selecting a comparison group. Provide an example to illustrate one of these criteria.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List the main criteria in selecting a...

Question 18

The specifications to identify a defective part in the production of a particular machine part was revised on February 2, 2016. A study on quality standards of this machine part was undertaken in 2020, with data collected from 2012 to 2020. What could be said about the type of study in this case? What recommendations would you give in conducting the study?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The specifications to identify a defective part...

Question 19

Describe the difference between a standard and a threshold used in research studies. Provide an example to illustrate this difference.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the difference between a standard and...

Question 20

In your own words, describe what is a benchmark and how it is used in a research study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In your own words, describe what is...

Quiz 8: Comparison Values, Contrast Sizes, and Standards

A comparison of values of a variable across time periods, must choose which primary common factor for the comparison to be valid?

Each of the following statements give the factors that affect a comparison of values of a variable. Which statement is correct?

Which of the following statements is true with regard to characteristics of standards? Choose the best answer.

What is the primary purpose of most research studies?