Question 1

When comparing two or more values, what does direction of association refer to?

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

A newspaper publishes a chart showing the frequency of residents of the local city by six age groups. Which of the following best describes this chart?

Accepted Answer

The chart shows the frequency of a single variable (age groups), making it a univariate distribution.

Question 3

What is magnitude of an association?

Accepted Answer

The magnitude of an association refers to the size of the difference between values, indicating how strongly two variables are related.

Question 4

What is the requirement of a good hypothesis?

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Question 5

The quarterly registration of students for the undergraduate Calculus 101 class was found to fluctuate significantly during the last 2 years. How would you term the number of students registered?

Accepted Answer

The number of students registered is termed a variable because it changes or varies over time, in this case, from quarter to quarter.

Question 6

The term "datum" is the singular form of the term "data."

Accepted Answer

"Data" is the plural form of "datum," which refers to a single piece of information.

Question 7

The term "raw data" refers to data that has been transformed.

Accepted Answer

Raw data refers to data that has not been processed or transformed, meaning it is in its original state as it was collected.

Question 8

Data collected on a case across time are called observation units.

Accepted Answer

Data collected on a case across time are referred to as longitudinal data or time series data, not observation units. Observation units typically refer to the smallest unit of analysis or data collection in a study, such as individuals in a survey.

Question 9

A study seeks to compare GDP growth of countries in Asia from 1990 to 2010. Country is a variable in the study.

Accepted Answer

Country is a variable in the study because it represents different entities (nations within Asia) that are being compared or analyzed for GDP growth over the specified period.

Question 10

Missing values occur when a particular question in a survey is not relevant for the respondent.

Accepted Answer

Missing values can occur when a question is not applicable to a respondent, leading them to skip it, resulting in missing data.

Question 11

There are two types of research strategies, Descriptive and Deductive.

Accepted Answer

There are several types of research strategies beyond just Descriptive and Deductive, including but not limited to, Experimental, Correlational, Exploratory, Explanatory, and Inductive research strategies.

Question 12

The goal of exploratory research is to understand how a phenomenon works and its causes.

Accepted Answer

Exploratory research aims to explore a problem or situation to provide insights and identify patterns, hypotheses, or ideas, not to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 13

The W's refer to who, what, when, where, and, how of a study.

Accepted Answer

The W's refer to who, what, when, where, and how of a study.

Question 14

An analyst gave a presentation of his exploratory research to the marketing department of his company. He showed them charts and tables of distributions of each variable in the data, their quantile spread, and their moments. This is an example of interpretation of numbers.

Accepted Answer

The presentation of charts, tables of distributions, quantile spread, and moments of each variable in the data is an example of descriptive statistics, which is about summarizing and understanding the characteristics of a dataset, rather than interpreting the underlying meaning or implications of the numbers.

Question 15

The net profit of a fertilizer company fell by 4% from 2018 to 2019. This statement enumerates the magnitude of association between net profit and time.

Accepted Answer

The statement quantifies the change in net profit over time, thus indicating the magnitude of its association with time.

Question 16

With the help of an example, illustrate the difference between data and numbers.

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

How would you distinguish an observation from an observation unit? Explain with a real-world example.

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Question 18

A research study is conducted on the profitability, that is, net quarterly profit, of small businesses (less than 20 employees) in the township of East Brunswick, NJ, for the year 2019. Identify the variables and constants of the study. Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

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Question 19

In your own words, explain a mixed methods research study. Provide an example of this type of study.

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Question 20

Explain the components of the research circle. In which direction of the circle do the components need to be executed?

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Quiz 2: Foundational Concepts for Quantitative Research