Question 1

Describe an experiment you could perform to determine if epinephrine was binding to alpha or beta adrenergic receptors in cardiac muscle cells to increase contraction.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe an experiment you could perform to...

Question 2

Place the following events in the baroreflex response in the correct order by numbering from 1-5:
_____ Neurons of the nucleus ambiguous are activated
_____ Heart rate is decreased
_____ Postganglionic cardiac neurons are activated
_____ Blood pressure increases causing baroreceptor activation
_____ Neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius are activated

Accepted Answer

The answer of Place the following events in the baroreflex...

Question 3

A decrease in baroreceptor excitation due to a drop in blood pressure would result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A decrease in baroreceptor excitation, due to a drop in blood pressure, would lead to a decrease in the inhibitory signals to the cardiovascular centers in the brainstem. This results in increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity. Consequently, there is an increase in heart rate and vasoconstriction, mediated by the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic postganglionic neurons, to raise blood pressure.

Question 4

Tonic activity of the rVLM neurons that keep blood vessels in a slightly constricted state is highly regulated by which neurotransmitter?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tonic activity of the rVLM neurons that...

Question 5

Which of the following stimuli would elicit an increase in heart rate and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

The options provided (A, B, C, D) all involve mechanisms that would typically lead to a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure, not an increase. The rVLM (rostral ventrolateral medulla) is crucial in the regulation of sympathetic nervous activity, which affects heart rate and blood pressure. Decreases in excitatory neurotransmitters (like glutamate), increases in inhibitory neurotransmitters (like GABA), or decreased norepinephrine release would generally reduce sympathetic nervous system activity, leading to lowered heart rate and blood pressure. Similarly, increased stimulation of the cVLM (caudal ventrolateral medulla), which plays a role in inhibiting the rVLM, would also lead to decreased sympathetic outflow and thus lower heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 6

Artificial vagal nerve stimulation might be an appropriate treatment for all of the following neurological disorders, except?

Accepted Answer

Vagal nerve stimulation is not typically used to treat vasovagal syncope, which is a condition related to sudden drops in heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 7

Given your knowledge of the mechanism of action of sildenafil citrate (Viagra), what would be the most important factor to consider before in assessing if a patient has the adequate medical profile for this drug?

Accepted Answer

Sildenafil citrate works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which leads to an increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels, causing smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation in the corpus cavernosum, thereby facilitating erection. However, it can also cause systemic vasodilation, which can be dangerous in patients with chronic hypertension, especially those on nitrates, as it can lead to severe hypotension. The other options (A, C, D) are not directly related to the mechanism of action of sildenafil or its potential contraindications.

Question 8

Parasympathetic vasodilation is under the control of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic vasodilation involves a series of biochemical events that include the production of nitric oxide (NO), which then stimulates the enzyme guanylate cyclase. This enzyme increases the levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a secondary messenger that leads to vasodilation. The process is regulated by the degradation of cGMP, which is mediated by specific phosphodiesterase enzymes. Therefore, all the options listed are involved in the process of parasympathetic vasodilation.

Question 9

Which of the following are the major muscles that control respiration?

Accepted Answer

The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for respiration, and the laryngeal muscles play a role in controlling airflow during breathing.

Question 10

Severing the vagus nerve could result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The vagus nerve plays a crucial role in regulating heart rate, and severing it can lead to arrhythmias, which are irregular heartbeats. The other options listed are not directly caused by severing the vagus nerve.

Question 11

Place the following events in response to decreased blood oxygen levels in order by numbering from 1-4.
_____ NTS cells neurons increase their firing rate
_____ Activation of glomus cells
_____ Respiration rate increases
_____ Central pattern generator increases in rate

Accepted Answer

The answer of Place the following events in response to...

Question 12

Predict what would happen if someone is exposed to a drug that artificially bound oxygen in the blood).

Accepted Answer

When oxygen is artificially bound in the blood, the body may perceive a lack of oxygen, leading to hyperventilation as a compensatory mechanism to increase oxygen intake.

Question 13

The small brain region in the ventral medulla that responds to neural input from the NTS under conditions of low O2 or high CO2 is the ______________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The small brain region in the ventral...

Question 14

The mechanism of nonshivering thermogenesis in brown fat includes all of the following, except.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The mechanism of nonshivering thermogenesis in brown...

Question 15

When the immune system stimulates pyrogenic molecules to be released, the result is an __________in the set point for body temperature that stimulates behaviors that __________body temperature).

Accepted Answer

When pyrogenic molecules are released by the immune system, they cause an increase in the set point for body temperature, leading to behaviors that increase body temperature, such as shivering and reducing blood flow to the skin.

Question 16

Explain in your own words how non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce fevers. What could be the positive and negative effects of taking such drugs in terms of body temperature and fighting off pathogens?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain in your own words how non-steroidal...

Question 17

Choose a vegetative or vital process (respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, or maintenance of body temperature) and explain in your own words the neurological push-pull regulation mechanisms that keep it stable or homeostatic)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Choose a vegetative or vital process (respiration,...

Question 18

Which of the following would be true of a person who had been diagnosed with diabetes insipidus?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus is characterized by reduced levels of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), leading to increased urine output and thirst, not by changes in insulin levels or blood sugar, which are associated with diabetes mellitus.

Question 19

If a patient with diabetes insipidus were to be misdiagnosed with diabetes mellitus, what would you expect to be some of the symptoms of them being treated with the wrong pharmaceutical intervention?

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a patient with diabetes insipidus were...

Question 20

All of the following brain structures contain cell bodies important in regulating fluid balance, except?

Accepted Answer

The anterior pituitary (AP) primarily secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions but does not contain cell bodies directly involved in regulating fluid balance. The other options (SON, PVN, SFO, OVLT) contain cell bodies that play roles in fluid and electrolyte balance, mainly through the regulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion and thirst mechanisms.

Quiz 9: Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Describe an experiment you could perform to determine if epinephrine was binding to alpha or beta adrenergic receptors in cardiac muscle cells to increase contraction.

A decrease in baroreceptor excitation due to a drop in blood pressure would result in which of the following?

Tonic activity of the rVLM neurons that keep blood vessels in a slightly constricted state is highly regulated by which neurotransmitter?

Which of the following stimuli would elicit an increase in heart rate and blood pressure?

Artificial vagal nerve stimulation might be an appropriate treatment for all of the following neurological disorders, except?

Given your knowledge of the mechanism of action of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) , what would be the most important factor to consider before in assessing if a patient has the adequate medical profile for this drug?

Parasympathetic vasodilation is under the control of which of the following?

Which of the following are the major muscles that control respiration?

Severing the vagus nerve could result in which of the following?

Place the following events in response to decreased blood oxygen levels in order by numbering from 1-4. ___ NTS cells neurons increase their firing rate _ Activation of glomus cells _ Respiration rate increases ___ Central pattern generator increases in rate

Predict what would happen if someone is exposed to a drug that artificially bound oxygen in the blood) .

The small brain region in the ventral medulla that responds to neural input from the NTS under conditions of low O2 or high CO2 is the ______________________.

The mechanism of nonshivering thermogenesis in brown fat includes all of the following, except.

When the immune system stimulates pyrogenic molecules to be released, the result is an in the set point for body temperature that stimulates behaviors that body temperature) .

Explain in your own words how non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce fevers. What could be the positive and negative effects of taking such drugs in terms of body temperature and fighting off pathogens?

Choose a vegetative or vital process (respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, or maintenance of body temperature) and explain in your own words the neurological push-pull regulation mechanisms that keep it stable or homeostatic)

Which of the following would be true of a person who had been diagnosed with diabetes insipidus?

If a patient with diabetes insipidus were to be misdiagnosed with diabetes mellitus, what would you expect to be some of the symptoms of them being treated with the wrong pharmaceutical intervention?

All of the following brain structures contain cell bodies important in regulating fluid balance, except?

Quiz 9: Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Describe an experiment you could perform to determine if epinephrine was binding to alpha or beta adrenergic receptors in cardiac muscle cells to increase contraction.

A decrease in baroreceptor excitation due to a drop in blood pressure would result in which of the following?

Tonic activity of the rVLM neurons that keep blood vessels in a slightly constricted state is highly regulated by which neurotransmitter?

Which of the following stimuli would elicit an increase in heart rate and blood pressure?

Artificial vagal nerve stimulation might be an appropriate treatment for all of the following neurological disorders, except?

Given your knowledge of the mechanism of action of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) , what would be the most important factor to consider before in assessing if a patient has the adequate medical profile for this drug?

Parasympathetic vasodilation is under the control of which of the following?

Which of the following are the major muscles that control respiration?

Severing the vagus nerve could result in which of the following?

Place the following events in response to decreased blood oxygen levels in order by numbering from 1-4. _____ NTS cells neurons increase their firing rate _____ Activation of glomus cells _____ Respiration rate increases _____ Central pattern generator increases in rate

Predict what would happen if someone is exposed to a drug that artificially bound oxygen in the blood) .

The small brain region in the ventral medulla that responds to neural input from the NTS under conditions of low O2 or high CO2 is the ______________________.

The mechanism of nonshivering thermogenesis in brown fat includes all of the following, except.

When the immune system stimulates pyrogenic molecules to be released, the result is an __________in the set point for body temperature that stimulates behaviors that __________body temperature) .

Explain in your own words how non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce fevers. What could be the positive and negative effects of taking such drugs in terms of body temperature and fighting off pathogens?

Choose a vegetative or vital process (respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, or maintenance of body temperature) and explain in your own words the neurological push-pull regulation mechanisms that keep it stable or homeostatic)

Which of the following would be true of a person who had been diagnosed with diabetes insipidus?

If a patient with diabetes insipidus were to be misdiagnosed with diabetes mellitus, what would you expect to be some of the symptoms of them being treated with the wrong pharmaceutical intervention?

All of the following brain structures contain cell bodies important in regulating fluid balance, except?

Place the following events in response to decreased blood oxygen levels in order by numbering from 1-4. ___ NTS cells neurons increase their firing rate _ Activation of glomus cells _ Respiration rate increases ___ Central pattern generator increases in rate

When the immune system stimulates pyrogenic molecules to be released, the result is an in the set point for body temperature that stimulates behaviors that body temperature) .