Question 1

Marianna takes the bus to school every day.One morning,a different bus is used on her route.Marianna does not notice the change,even though her usual bus is blue and white and the new bus is green and black.Marianna is showing:

Accepted Answer

Marianna's inability to notice the change in the bus she takes every day despite the noticeable difference in color suggests that she is experiencing change blindness, which refers to the failure to detect changes in one's environment.

Question 2

Filter theory was developed to explain:

Accepted Answer

Filter theory was developed to explain the selective nature of attention, specifically how we filter out irrelevant information and attend to important information based on our goals, interests, and context.

Question 3

Why is memory not a perfect record of everything we see and experience?

Accepted Answer

Attention is limited, meaning that the brain cannot fully process and remember everything we experience. Our brain must selectively focus on certain aspects and details of the events we encounter, leading to gaps and inaccuracies in our memory. Additionally, the brain may selectively forget certain memories in order to make room for new ones, as our long-term memory storage is limited. Neural networks, on the other hand, have the capacity to store an enormous amount of information, so they are not the primary limitation of memory.

Question 4

Change blindness seems _____ because it makes us_____ information.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Change blindness seems _____ because it makes...

Question 5

Animation works by presenting still pictures rapidly enough that they merge in iconic memory.How much time can elapse between each successive picture if animation is to work?

Accepted Answer

For animation to work, each picture must be shown quickly enough to create the illusion of motion, typically around 1/24th to 1/30th of a second per frame, which is close to 1/3 of a second.

Question 6

As a participant in a psychology experiment,Michael is shadowing a physics passage in his right ear while hearing a novel being read in his left ear.Michael wants to get done so he can go home and watch the big game.If a sentence giving the score in the game is inserted into the passage from the novel,Michael is most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Michael is likely to shadow the right ear material but attend to the left ear material if the left ear contains information relevant to his interests, such as the game score.

Question 7

Processing multiple types of information at the same time is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Parallel processing refers to the ability of the brain to process multiple types of information simultaneously. This can include visual information, auditory information, and information about touch or proprioception. It is a key feature of human cognition and allows for efficient processing of complex situations. Encoding refers to the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory, multitasking refers to the ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time (which is related to but not the same as parallel processing), and reconsolidation refers to the process by which memories are strengthened and stabilized over time.

Question 8

You are at a college basketball game and are watching the court carefully,but suddenly you are distracted by someone talking about an upcoming organic chemistry exam.This distraction is most likely due to the _____ of the discussion about the exam.

Accepted Answer

Personal relevance refers to the degree to which something is important to an individual. The discussion about the upcoming organic chemistry exam is something that may be personally relevant to someone who is currently studying organic chemistry. As a result, it may be more likely to grab their attention and distract them from whatever else they were focusing on, in this case, the college basketball game. Neither loudness, silliness, nor shadowing are necessarily relevant to this scenario.

Question 9

Broadbent's filter theory of attention assumed that selective attention was necessary because people have limited _____ capacity and thus must focus on the most _____ information.

Accepted Answer

Broadbent's filter theory of attention is based on the idea that we have limited capacity to process sensory information. According to this theory, selective attention is necessary because we cannot attend to all incoming sensory information at once. To filter out irrelevant information, Broadbent proposed a model in which information is processed through a sensory buffer (sensory memory) and then selectively filtered based on its physical characteristics (e.g. pitch, volume, location). Therefore, option B is the best choice as it correctly identifies the limited capacity system as being the sensory memory and highlights the importance of attending to the most important information to alleviate sensory overload.

Question 10

Who is LEAST likely to show change blindness?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who is LEAST likely to show change...

Question 11

In order for us to experience the world as a continuous stream of information,one experience is kept in the brain while we move to the next experience.This overlap is a function of:

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is responsible for briefly storing the information received from our senses. This allows for a continuous stream of information as we move from one experience to the next. The other options (short-term memory, long-term memory, and working memory) are involved in the processing and storage of information, but do not directly contribute to the overlap of experiences.

Question 12

Children with attention deficit disorder are distracted by everything in the environment rather than being able to choose what they want to focus on.These children are lacking in:

Accepted Answer

Selective attention refers to the ability to choose and focus on a specific stimulus while ignoring others. Children with attention deficit disorder have difficulty with selective attention, as they are easily distracted and unable to filter out irrelevant stimuli. Divided attention refers to the ability to process multiple streams of information at once, automatic processing refers to quickly processing information without conscious effort, and controlled processing refers to focused, intentional processing of information. While children with attention deficit disorder may have difficulties with these other cognitive processes as well, their primary deficit is with selective attention.

Question 13

Yelizaveta is talking to one of the caterers setting up for her sister's wedding.While Yelizaveta is answering her cell phone,a different member of the catering staff takes over.When Yelizaveta turns back to the conversation,she completely fails to notice that she is now talking to a different person.Yelizaveta is experiencing:

Accepted Answer

Yelizaveta's failure to notice that she is now talking to a different person is a classic example of change blindness. Change blindness occurs when an individual fails to detect significant changes in their environment, such as a change in the identity of the person they are talking to. Selective attention involves focusing on one particular stimulus while ignoring others, while divided attention refers to the ability to pay attention to multiple stimuli at once. Serial processing involves completing one task at a time in a specific order. None of these concepts accurately describe Yelizaveta's experience.

Question 14

Storage in this memory system is brief and represents a sensory experience:

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is a brief storage of sensory information, such as visual or auditory stimuli, before it is transferred to short-term memory or forgotten. Short-term memory and long-term memory are separate memory systems that store information for a longer period of time.

Question 15

When you read,your eyes fixate for a fraction of a second,and then jump to a new point in the text.Your reading experience is continuous because during the jump,the information from the last eye fixation is held in:

Accepted Answer

The answer of When you read,your eyes fixate for a...

Question 16

It could be argued that change blindness is adaptive because it:

Accepted Answer

Change blindness, which refers to the difficulty in detecting changes in visual stimuli, can be adaptive in situations where the ability to detect small changes is less critical than attending to important information. Prioritizing important information can help individuals focus on key information and avoid being distracted by minor or irrelevant changes. However, it is important to note that change blindness can also lead to errors and missed information in some contexts.

Question 17

To remember more information,_____ can be used to organize information into meaningful units.

Accepted Answer

Chunking involves grouping information together into small, manageable units, which can improve recall and memory. Cognitive maps refer to mental representations of physical spaces and their layout, while association networks involve connecting pieces of information through associations.

Question 18

You see all of a written word simultaneously,but you hear a spoken word over time.The memory that accumulates the sound of a word until it is formed as a unit is:

Accepted Answer

The memory that accumulates the sound of a word until it is formed as a unit is known as sensory memory. This is because it holds sensory information for a brief period of time, such as the sound of a spoken word. Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that holds visual information, while working memory and short-term memory are involved in actively processing and manipulating information, rather than simply holding it.

Question 19

In Treisman's model of visual attention,primitive features can be analyzed in parallel because:

Accepted Answer

In Treisman's model of visual attention, separate systems analyze different features simultaneously. This means that primitive features can be analyzed in parallel because different systems are analyzing different features at the same time. These separate systems then combine their outputs to identify objects.

Question 20

Short-term memory:

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory has a limited capacity, meaning it can only hold a small amount of information for a short period of time, usually up to 30 seconds.

Quiz 7: Attention and Memory