Question 1

Political commentators often stress the importance of a candidate's appearing presidential,a quality that characterizes past presidents but is not equated with any one of them.Which theory of categorization could best explain this concept of being presidential?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Political commentators often stress the importance of...

Question 2

A(n)_____ is a(n)_____ of a sequence of events.

Accepted Answer

A script is a type of schema that represents a sequence of events in a particular context.

Question 3

Dr.Brown is interested in models of how concepts are represented.He believes that concepts are characterized by the existence of a best example.Which model does Dr.Brown most likely favor?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Brown believes that concepts are represented by a best example, which is in line with the prototype model. The prototype model suggests that concepts are represented by a central or typical example, which has the most features in common with other examples.

Question 4

This type of schema helps us understand how a series of events progress in a situation:

Accepted Answer

A script is a mental framework that helps people anticipate the sequence of events in a given situation. For example, a script for going to a restaurant might involve being greeted at the door, being seated, ordering food, eating, and paying the bill. Scripts help people navigate social situations with greater ease and efficiency.

Question 5

The _____ model states that through experience we learn a fuzzy representation of a concept,rather than a single representation.

Accepted Answer

The exemplar model is based on the idea that through experience, we form a representation of a concept by storing multiple examples or exemplars. This representation is fuzzy because it encompasses all of the different exemplars we have encountered, rather than a single prototype or defining attributes. Therefore, option D is the correct choice. The prototype model, option C, posits that we store a single, idealized representation of a concept, while the defining attribute model, option B, suggests that we determine whether something belongs to a category by comparing it to a set of defining features. Option A, applying, is not a recognized model of concept learning.

Question 6

_____ can lead to reinforcing racism or sexism.

Accepted Answer

Schemas refer to mental frameworks or structures that help individuals organize and interpret information. However, if these schemas are based on stereotypes or biases, they can reinforce racism or sexism. Exemplars, reasoning, and cognition can also contribute to reinforcing biases, but schemas are specifically mentioned in the question.

Question 7

In New York City,it might be a dress shoe.In Texas,it could be a cowboy boot.In Florida,it might be a sandal.In Montana,it could be a hiking boot.Each of these is a(n)_____ of the shoe category for the culture of that city.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In New York City,it might be a...

Question 8

The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by _____ of the category and the exemplar model is defined by _____ of the category.

Accepted Answer

The prototype model is defined by the best or most typical example of a category, while the exemplar model is defined by all the examples or instances of the category.

Question 9

Rosita just gave birth to a baby girl and named her Anita.According to the defining attribute model,the fact that Rosita has a baby named Anita should be stored with the concept of _____; the fact that Rosita could have a baby should be stored with the concept _____; and the fact that Rosita can breathe should be stored with the concept _____.

Accepted Answer

According to the defining attribute model, the defining attributes of the concept are stored with the concept itself. The fact that Rosita has a baby named Anita (a specific instance of the concept of a baby) should be stored with the concept of baby. The fact that Rosita could have a baby (the ability to give birth) should be stored with the concept of woman. The fact that Rosita can breathe (a characteristic of being alive) should be stored with the concept of human being. Therefore, the best option is B since it correctly assigns each fact to the corresponding concept.

Question 10

Dr.Smith is interested in models of how concepts are represented.She believes that concepts are characterized by the aggregate of all examples of their members.Which model does Dr.Smith most likely favor?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Smith's belief that concepts are represented by the aggregate of all examples of their members suggests that she favors the exemplar model. In this model, concepts are represented by a collection of specific examples, rather than a single prototype or defining set of attributes.

Question 11

You are startled when you pass an 18-wheeler driven by a woman.A woman driver violates your _____ of a trucker.

Accepted Answer

Schema refers to our mental representations or expectations of a certain group of people or objects. In this case, the expectation was that truckers are mostly men, and the woman driver violated this schema. Option B, script, refers to a sequence of events we expect to happen in a particular situation. Option C, prototype, refers to a typical or idealized representation of a particular category, and option D, concept, refers to a mental representation of a group of objects, events, or ideas.

Question 12

An advantage of the prototype model is that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of An advantage of the prototype model is...

Question 13

A problem with schemas is that they can easily:

Accepted Answer

Schemas can lead to the creation or reinforcement of stereotypes as they dictate preconceived notions about a certain group or category. The schema may also overlook individual differences within a category, leading to incorrect categorization. While confusion between prototypes and exemplars is possible, it is less common than the other two options. Schemas may also miss defining attributes, but this is not as common as promoting stereotypes.

Question 14

A major problem with the prototype model is that it does NOT:

Accepted Answer

The answer of A major problem with the prototype model...

Question 15

The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church,whereas a professor will give a lecture in class,comes from this property of schemas:

Accepted Answer

The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church, whereas a professor will give a lecture in class, reflects the schema property of people having specific roles within situational contexts. This property helps individuals to understand and interpret different roles and behaviors expected in different situations. In this case, the schema for a church setting includes the role of a minister giving a sermon, while the schema for a classroom includes the role of a professor giving a lecture.

Question 16

Their 5-year-old nephew asks Hallel and Hamdi what an aardvark looks like.Hallel finds a picture in a children's book about animals and shows it to him.Hamdi finds a description in the encyclopedia and uses it to describe an aardvark.Hallel's approach is similar to using a(n)_____; Hamdi's approach is similar to using a(n)_____.

Accepted Answer

Hallel's approach is similar to using an analogical representation because a picture is a direct representation of the object. Hamdi's approach is similar to using a representation based on attributes because he uses descriptive attributes from the encyclopedia.

Question 17

Marcus notices that his Russian professor is carrying a stack of papers when she enters the room.Marcus quickly takes out his notes and reviews the most recent grammar and vocabulary.Sure enough,there is a surprise quiz.Marcus is able to get a perfect score on his quiz because his schema of a college class allowed him to:

Accepted Answer

Marcus was able to identify the stack of papers as a surprise quiz because his schema of a college class allowed him to quickly recognize the situation. He also responded appropriately by reviewing his notes and getting a perfect score on the quiz. Therefore, both options A and B are correct. However, there is no indication that Marcus learned the material very quickly, so option C is not correct.

Question 18

Rhianna and Michael are going on a first date.He shows up in jeans and a T-shirt,whereas she shows up in an elegant dress.Rhianna is upset because she thinks Michael's casual dress meant that he did not think enough of her to want to look good.She might be comforted if she knew that she and Michael probably have conflicting _____ of a date.

Accepted Answer

Conflicting schemas of a date refer to their individual beliefs and expectations of what a first date should entail, including the appropriate attire. Rhianna might have expected that Michael would dress up for the occasion, while he might have believed that a casual outfit was suitable. Therefore, their schemas of a first date were different, leading to a misunderstanding.

Question 19

Your neighbor is upset because you borrowed his car without asking him.He is distressed because borrowing a car without asking is NOT part of our social:

Accepted Answer

A schema is a set of expectations and knowledge about a particular object, event, or situation in one's environment. In this case, borrowing someone's car without asking is not part of the social schema or expectations for borrowing personal property.

Question 20

Samantha is participating in a psychology experiment in which she sees a sentence on a computer screen and is to decide as quickly as possible whether the sentence is true or false.According to the defining attribute model,Samantha would _____ answer "true" to the sentence "A penguin is a bird" as she is to answer "true" to the sentence "A robin is a bird."

Accepted Answer

According to the defining attribute model, people categorize objects based on a list of features. Penguins, being less typical birds compared to robins, may not immediately trigger the "bird" category, making Samantha less likely to quickly answer "true" for penguins.

Quiz 8: Thinking and Intelligence

Political commentators often stress the importance of a candidate's appearing presidential,a quality that characterizes past presidents but is not equated with any one of them.Which theory of categorization could best explain this concept of being presidential?

A(n) _ is a(n) _ of a sequence of events.

Dr.Brown is interested in models of how concepts are represented.He believes that concepts are characterized by the existence of a best example.Which model does Dr.Brown most likely favor?

This type of schema helps us understand how a series of events progress in a situation:

The _____ model states that through experience we learn a fuzzy representation of a concept,rather than a single representation.

_____ can lead to reinforcing racism or sexism.

In New York City,it might be a dress shoe.In Texas,it could be a cowboy boot.In Florida,it might be a sandal.In Montana,it could be a hiking boot.Each of these is a(n) _____ of the shoe category for the culture of that city.

The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by _ of the category and the exemplar model is defined by _ of the category.

Dr.Smith is interested in models of how concepts are represented.She believes that concepts are characterized by the aggregate of all examples of their members.Which model does Dr.Smith most likely favor?

You are startled when you pass an 18-wheeler driven by a woman.A woman driver violates your _____ of a trucker.

An advantage of the prototype model is that:

A problem with schemas is that they can easily:

A major problem with the prototype model is that it does NOT:

The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church,whereas a professor will give a lecture in class,comes from this property of schemas:

Your neighbor is upset because you borrowed his car without asking him.He is distressed because borrowing a car without asking is NOT part of our social:

Quiz 8: Thinking and Intelligence

Political commentators often stress the importance of a candidate's appearing presidential,a quality that characterizes past presidents but is not equated with any one of them.Which theory of categorization could best explain this concept of being presidential?

A(n) _____ is a(n) _____ of a sequence of events.

Dr.Brown is interested in models of how concepts are represented.He believes that concepts are characterized by the existence of a best example.Which model does Dr.Brown most likely favor?

This type of schema helps us understand how a series of events progress in a situation:

The _____ model states that through experience we learn a fuzzy representation of a concept,rather than a single representation.

_____ can lead to reinforcing racism or sexism.

In New York City,it might be a dress shoe.In Texas,it could be a cowboy boot.In Florida,it might be a sandal.In Montana,it could be a hiking boot.Each of these is a(n) _____ of the shoe category for the culture of that city.

The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by _____ of the category and the exemplar model is defined by _____ of the category.

Dr.Smith is interested in models of how concepts are represented.She believes that concepts are characterized by the aggregate of all examples of their members.Which model does Dr.Smith most likely favor?

You are startled when you pass an 18-wheeler driven by a woman.A woman driver violates your _____ of a trucker.

An advantage of the prototype model is that:

A problem with schemas is that they can easily:

A major problem with the prototype model is that it does NOT:

The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church,whereas a professor will give a lecture in class,comes from this property of schemas:

Your neighbor is upset because you borrowed his car without asking him.He is distressed because borrowing a car without asking is NOT part of our social:

A(n) _ is a(n) _ of a sequence of events.

The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by _ of the category and the exemplar model is defined by _ of the category.