Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding subjects in qualitative research shows the difference in the sample compared with samples in quantitative research? In qualitative research the:

Accepted Answer

The researcher must have the support and confidence of the participants to complete the research.
Informed consent is part of any research, qualitative included. The researcher must have the support and confidence of the participants to complete the research.
Qualitative studies usually have fewer participants than quantitative ones because there is more data collected from each one and the goals of the study are different. The researcher must have the support and confidence of the participants complete the research.
Most qualitative researchers do not obtain random samples for use in their studies. The researcher must have the support and confidence of the participants to complete the research.

Question 2

Which type of qualitative research is the most controversial?

Accepted Answer

Grounded theory comes from sociology, ethnographic research comes out of the discipline of anthropology, and historical research examines events of the past. Because each of these has more tradition than phenomenological research, it is the most controversial of the four approaches.
Ethnographers observe and document interactions within a culture. Grounded theory comes from sociology, ethnographic research comes out of the discipline of anthropology, and historical research examines events of the past. Because each of these has more tradition than phenomenological research, it is the most controversial of the four approaches.
Grounded theory develops theory directly from the research data. Grounded theory comes from sociology, ethnographic research comes out of the discipline of anthropology, and historical research examines events of the past. Because each of these has more tradition than phenomenological research, it is the most controversial of the four approaches.
Historical research examines events of the past. Grounded theory comes from sociology, ethnographic research comes out of the discipline of anthropology, and historical research examines events of the past. Because each of these has more tradition than phenomenological research, it is the most controversial of the four approaches.

Question 3

A qualitative researcher might use which of the following statements to describe the rigor in a proposed study?

Accepted Answer

The researcher of a qualitative problem applies rigor to the study, just as a quantitative researcher would. The methods are different and not concrete, but findings help gain insights into many problems related to nursing.
The statement "After the data are collected, strict adherence to approved analysis will be conducted, objectivity will be maintained, and findings will be reported accurately" is much more likely to come from a quantitative researcher because often qualitative researchers must use the data to help drive the analysis. The researcher of a qualitative problem applies rigor to the study, just as a quantitative researcher would. The methods are different and not concrete, but findings help gain insights into many problems related to nursing.
Sample size is not a particular concern of the qualitative researcher and does not guarantee a study's usefulness. The researcher of a qualitative problem applies rigor to the study, just as a quantitative researcher would. The methods are different and not concrete, but findings help gain insights into many problems related to nursing.
The researcher who states "My study is based on solid theory and, when completed, will lead to a deeper understanding of this topic" does appear to be describing a qualitative study, but is offering less evidence of rigor than the researcher's response in answer A. The researcher of a qualitative problem applies rigor to the study, just as a quantitative researcher would. The methods are different and not concrete, but findings help gain insights into many problems related to nursing.

Question 4

Which type of qualitative researcher is likely to use film, videotapes, or photographs to collect data?

Accepted Answer

Historians may observe film, videotapes, photographs, or artistic representations of historical events.
Ethnographers observe and document interactions within a culture. Historians may observe film, videotapes, photographs, or artistic representations of historical events.
Grounded theory develops theory directly from the research data. Historians may observe film, videotapes, photographs, or artistic representations of historical events.
Phenomenological research attempts to capture the "lived experience" of study participants. Historians may observe film, videotapes, photographs, or artistic representations of historical events.

Question 5

Why would the Hermeneutic approach be of interest to nursing researchers? The Hermeneutic approach:

Accepted Answer

Hermeneutics seeks to look at the social and historical influences through textual analysis and increases the understanding of human nature.
Although the Hermeneutic approach is a type of phenomenological research, it would not be the reason why some nurses are embracing this method. It describes a culture by looking at its characteristics. Hermeneutics seeks to look at the social and historical influences through textual analysis and increases the understanding of human nature.
Hermeneutics seeks to look at the social and historical influences through textual analysis and increases the understanding of human nature.
Although the Hermeneutic approach was used to interpret Biblical texts, it would not be the reason why some nurses are embracing this method. Hermeneutics seeks to look at the social and historical influences through textual analysis and increases the understanding of human nature.

Question 6

According to a study of nurses and medication errors using the ethnographic approach, what are nurses doing when "error" is redefined?

Accepted Answer

By redefining what a medication error means, no guilt is associated with an incident if it can be excluded from that definition.
The researcher found that most nurses agreed with the criteria for redefinition.
The nurse continues to follow professional guidelines requiring that medication errors be reported.
It is the perception that the incident is negative that is being challenged, not that the error occurred.

Question 7

Which of the following would literally result in a written portrait of the study population?

Accepted Answer

The word "ethnographic" means "portrait of a people."
Descriptive data collection methods would not tend to answer this research question. The word "ethnographic" means "portrait of a people."
Although discovering the "lived experience" of what it is like to be in a certain culture would be useful information, phenomenology does not create a portrait of the culture. The word "ethnographic" means "portrait of a people."
Structured interviews may provide some useful information, but would not necessarily result in a verbal "portrait" of the culture because the subjects would not have told their own story. The word "ethnographic" means "portrait of a people."

Question 8

Which of the following is true about grounded theory research?

Accepted Answer

This type of research has its roots in the data from which it was derived. Phenomena based in reality are investigated to find connections between variables and create middle-range theories.
Grounded theory comes from the discipline of sociology.
It is most like phenomenological research.
Grounded theory is based upon symbolic interactionalism, in which a person's self-image in a particular role is based on the perception that person has of what others think of her or him in that role.

Question 9

How does a researcher know if data are from a primary source? The researcher:

Accepted Answer

The well-prepared researcher scrutinizes, criticizes, and analyzes before even accepting that it has been written by the subject of research.
This is not the process used, although experts in the field may be one source of information used by the researcher to make the decision. During data analysis, the qualitative researcher attaches meaning to elements of the data; classification of things, persons, events, and properties are initiated. Regularities are noted.
Identifying where the data were found may be important to an overall understanding of their source, but would only be one piece of information used. During data analysis, the qualitative researcher attaches meaning to elements of the data; classification of things, persons, events, and properties are initiated. Regularities are noted.
This may be something the researcher ultimately does with the data, but it is not the method of determining a primary source. During data analysis, the qualitative researcher attaches meaning to elements of the data; classification of things, persons, events, and properties are initiated. Regularities are noted.

Question 10

A study investigating how nurses in the health care system looked on medication errors was conducted using the ethnographic approach. Why was this approach particularly appropriate for this study?

Accepted Answer

The ethnographic approach looks at phenomena within a certain culture, in this case the hospital, and seeks to describe how that culture deals with the subject of interest.
Finding out what making a medication error is like for each individual nurse is a phenomenological approach. The ethnographic approach looks at phenomena within a certain culture, in this case the hospital, and seeks to describe how that culture deals with the subject of interest.
Grounded theory is described here, but it is also a questionable statement. The ethnographic approach looks at phenomena within a certain culture, in this case the hospital, and seeks to describe how that culture deals with the subject of interest.
This description indicates a historical approach rather than an ethnographic one. The ethnographic approach looks at phenomena within a certain culture, in this case the hospital, and seeks to describe how that culture deals with the subject of interest.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a common data collection method in qualitative research?

Accepted Answer

Survey research is a type of quantitative research. Data collection methods in qualitative research include observing participants, interviewing participants, and examining written text.
Examining written data is a method of data collection used in qualitative research. Survey research is a type of quantitative research. Data collection methods in qualitative research include observing participants, interviewing participants, and examining written text.
Interviewing participants is a method of data collection used in qualitative research. Survey research is a type of quantitative research. Data collection methods in qualitative research include observing participants, interviewing participants, and examining written text.
Observing participants is a method of data collection used in qualitative research. Survey research is a type of quantitative research. Data collection methods in qualitative research include observing participants, interviewing participants, and examining written text.

Question 12

What are the chief merits of historical research?

Accepted Answer

Goals of historical research are increased self-understanding and a better understanding of one's profession. Historians assume that "there is nothing new under the sun," so do not look for new ways, but use history to discover lessons learned. Rather than describe particulars of a process, it seeks to discover new answers to old questions. Qualitative approaches embrace the belief that there is not a single reality. Reality is different for each person and changes over time.
One goal of historical research is increased self-understanding.
Historians assume that "there is nothing new under the sun," so do not look for new ways, but use history to discover lessons learned.
Historians assume that "there is nothing new under the sun," so do not look for new ways, but use history to discover lessons learned.

Question 13

Which type of research uses a unique method of reporting data?

Accepted Answer

Historical research reports do not follow the traditional formalized style that is characteristic of much research.
Reports of ethnographic research follow the traditional style. Historical research reports do not follow the traditional formalized style that is characteristic of much research.
Reports of grounded theory research follow the traditional style. Historical research reports do not follow the traditional formalized style that is characteristic of much research.
Reports of phenomenological research follow the traditional style. Historical research reports do not follow the traditional formalized style that is characteristic of much research.

Question 14

Which of the following should the qualitative researcher pay attention to as part of observation?

Accepted Answer

The qualitative researcher must pay attention to the details of the participant's routines. The researcher can use personal reactions to the situation to help add perspective on the data and assist in determining their validity.
The qualitative researcher must pay attention to all that is happening with the participant so as to understand fully the phenomenon under study within the context of the participant.
The qualitative researcher must pay attention to the details of the participant's routines.
Unexpected events and how the participants react to them are important pieces of information.

Question 15

If a researcher is looking for answers to the question "How can I make something happen in a new way?" what kind of research is being conducted?

Accepted Answer

This question is the focus of the intervention mode of grounded theory research.
Ethnographic research works at developing a "portrait" of the people in a certain location or situation.
Historical research explores the roots of situations and where things began.
Phenomenological research seeks to explore the lived experience of humans.

Question 16

Which of the following components of a research study is unique to qualitative research methodology?

Accepted Answer

In qualitative research, subjects are referred to as participants because the researcher and participants cooperatively carry out the study.
Both kinds of research design the study according to established procedures. In qualitative research, subjects are referred to as participants because the researcher and participants cooperatively carry out the study.
Both kinds of research gather data. In qualitative research, subjects are referred to as participants because the researcher and participants cooperatively carry out the study.
Both kinds of research state the research problem or question. In qualitative research, subjects are referred to as participants because the researcher and participants cooperatively carry out the study.

Question 17

A phenomenological research question might be which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Phenomenological research attempts to capture the "lived experience" of study participants, which in this case is the experience of breast-feeding twins.
Ethnographers observe and document interactions within a culture. Phenomenological research attempts to capture the "lived experience" of study participants, which in this case is the experience of breast-feeding twins.
"How many mothers of twins elect to breast-feed their infants?" is a quantitative research question. Phenomenological research attempts to capture the "lived experience" of study participants, which in this case is the experience of breast-feeding twins.
This would be a question for historical research. Phenomenological research attempts to capture the "lived experience" of study participants, which in this case is the experience of breast-feeding twins.

Question 18

Which of the following is the strongest argument in favor of historical research in nursing?

Accepted Answer

The most important reason for developing the historical base in nursing is that having one is one of the criteria of a profession. Although nurses may benefit from knowing their roots and having a base does give something to build on, the struggle for the status of a profession is something that has been part of nursing history, and putting the question to rest is a long-term goal.
The most important reason for developing the historical base in nursing is that having one is one of the criteria of a profession. Although nurses may benefit from knowing their roots and having a base does give something to build on, the struggle for the status of a profession is something that has been part of nursing history, and putting the question to rest is a long-term goal.
The most important reason for developing the historical base in nursing is that having one is one of the criteria of a profession. Although nurses may benefit from knowing their roots and having a base does give something to build on, the struggle for the status of a profession is something that has been part of nursing history, and putting the question to rest is a long-term goal.
The most important reason for developing the historical base in nursing is that having one is one of the criteria of a profession. Although nurses may benefit from knowing their roots and having a base does give something to build on, the struggle for the status of a profession is something that has been part of nursing history, and putting the question to rest is a long-term goal.

Question 19

How does a qualitative historical researcher determine validity and reliability? The researcher:

Accepted Answer

The validity and reliability concerns in historical research are related to the sources from which data are collected. The most valued source of data is a primary source, or original works written by a person who actually experienced the event.
This is an unTrue statement. Although terms may vary in different types of research, in historical research, the sources from which data are collected are important indicators of validity and reliability. The validity and reliability concerns in historical research are related to the sources from which data are collected. The most valued source of data is a primary source.
Validity and reliability mean that the researcher has evaluated the sources used in the study and discarded ones not determined accurate. The validity and reliability concerns in historical research are related to the sources from which data are collected. The most valued source of data is a primary source.
Using another person's opinion or interpretation about the subject is not as useful as using something written from the initial source. Secondary sources are not as valued as primary ones. The validity and reliability concerns in historical research are related to the sources from which data are collected. The most valued source of data is a primary source.

Question 20

Verifying handwriting or determining the age of paper a document was written on is part of establishing:

Accepted Answer

External criticism is used to determine the validity of source material. The researcher needs to know where, when, why, and by whom a document was written. This may involve verifying the handwriting or determining the age of the paper on which it was written.
The document itself would be the data. External criticism is used to determine the validity of source material. The researcher needs to know where, when, why, and by whom a document was written. This may involve verifying the handwriting or determining the age of the paper on which it was written.
Internal criticism is an examination of the reliability of the document. External criticism is used to determine the validity of source material. The researcher needs to know where, when, why, and by whom a document was written. This may involve verifying the handwriting or determining the age of the paper on which it was written.
The age of paper will probably not be a good guide to the cultural influences, although it may give a small insight into the era. External criticism is used to determine the validity of source material. The researcher needs to know where, when, why, and by whom a document was written. This may involve verifying the handwriting or determining the age of the paper on which it was written.

Quiz 3: Introduction to the Qualitative Research Process