Question 1

Which is the last of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

Accepted Answer

Universal ethical principles is the last and highest stage of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development. At this stage, individuals follow their own set of internal ethical principles based on justice, equality, and respect for human rights, and are willing to disobey laws or authority that conflicts with these principles.

Question 2

According to Kohlberg's model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development, and with time, education, and experience, he/she

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's model suggests that individuals can progress through stages of moral development and potentially change their values and ethical behavior over time with education and experience. This is because as individuals gain new perspectives and information, they may reconsider and modify their ethical beliefs and behaviors. Additionally, Kohlberg's model emphasizes the importance of reasoning and introspection in ethical decision making, rather than relying solely on the input of others. Therefore, option B is the best choice.

Question 3

A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep her company from going bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees may be a(n)

Accepted Answer

The person offering the facilitation payment is likely acting as a utilitarian, as she is making a decision based on the principle of maximizing overall happiness or minimizing overall harm (in this case, preventing layoffs). While it may not be ethical to offer a facilitation payment, the decision is based on the potential overall benefit to many people.

Question 4

Which moral philosophy considers an act to be morally right or acceptable if it produces some desired result?

Accepted Answer

Teleology, also known as consequentialism or utilitarianism, holds that the morality of an act is based on its consequences. If the consequences are desirable or produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people, then the act is considered morally right or acceptable.

Question 5

Through time an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives?

Accepted Answer

The relativist perspective acknowledges that ethical standards can vary across cultures and time. Therefore, an act that was once considered ethical in a particular context can come to be deemed unethical as societal values and norms change over time.

Question 6

_____ are person-specific, whereas _____ are based on decisions made by groups or when carrying out tasks to meet business objectives.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ are person-specific, whereas _____ are based...

Question 7

A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers, no matter what the cost, may be a(n) _____ because he believes in the rights of all individuals.

Accepted Answer

A deontologist believes in adhering to universal moral principles and rules, regardless of the outcome or consequences. The marketing manager's decision to prioritize the safety of workers aligns with this belief system.

Question 8

_____ is considered the father of free market capitalism. He believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men.

Accepted Answer

Adam Smith is widely considered the father of free market capitalism due to his influential book "The Wealth of Nations" which advocates for a laissez-faire economic system where individuals are free to pursue their own self-interest and businesses are guided by the invisible hand of the market. Smith also emphasized the importance of moral behavior in business and society in his earlier work "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."

Question 9

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of the action, with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of...

Question 10

Which moral perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively from the unique experiences of individuals and groups?

Accepted Answer

The relativist perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively, with moral standards varying from person to person and culture to culture based on their unique experiences and perspectives. This suggests that there is no universal ethical code that applies to everyone, but rather that individuals and communities must determine their own ethical framework.

Question 11

_____ believe that no one thing is intrinsically good.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ believe that no one thing is...

Question 12

An individual who defines what is right by considering his/her duty to society, not just to other specific people, is in which of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

Accepted Answer

The individual in this scenario is considering their duty to society, indicating that they are operating under the Social system and conscience maintenance stage of Kohlberg's cognitive moral development. This stage is characterized by a belief in upholding societal rules and duties, rather than just individual relationships and interests.

Question 13

Which moral philosophy focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior, rather than its consequences?

Accepted Answer

Deontology is a moral philosophy that focuses on the inherent rights of individuals and the duty to respect these rights. It emphasizes the intention behind an action rather than its consequences, and the belief that certain actions are inherently right or wrong regardless of their outcome. Therefore, deontologists will argue that certain actions, such as lying or killing, are always wrong, even if they may lead to good consequences.

Question 14

Moral philosophy refers to

Accepted Answer

Moral philosophy refers to the principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong. It is a branch of philosophy that deals with ethics and morality. While it can be applied to business activities, it is not specific to them.

Question 15

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles and respect for individual rights?

Accepted Answer

Rule deontology is a moral philosophy that evaluates the morality of an action based on the conformity to general moral principles and respect for individual rights. It asserts that there are certain universal moral principles that should guide all actions, and individuals should follow these rules regardless of the outcome. Rule deontology places an emphasis on the overall consistency of moral principles and rules rather than the consequences of particular actions. Therefore, it is the most appropriate choice in this scenario.

Question 16

Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy?

Accepted Answer

Both Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule fall under deontology, which emphasizes moral duties and obligations based on rationality and impartiality, rather than consequences or personal preferences.

Question 17

An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within his or her company and industry regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n)

Accepted Answer

The individual is using relativity as their moral reasoning, believing that the activity is ethical because others around them are engaging in it.

Question 18

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually?

Accepted Answer

Rule utilitarianism evaluates the morality of an action based on principles or rules that promote the greatest overall utility, rather than evaluating individual situations. Therefore, it is the best choice for the given definition.

Question 19

_____ typically focuses on the end result of actions and happiness created by them, whereas _____ emphasizes the means and motives by which actions are justified.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ typically focuses on the end result...

Question 20

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for everyone affected (seeks the greatest good for the greatest number)?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism evaluates the morality of an action based on its consequences for everyone affected and seeks the greatest good for the greatest number.

Quiz 6: Individual Factors: Moral Philosophies and Values