Question 1

Based on sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies' theory, many industrial cities were characterized as being __________, which is a society exhibiting impersonal and specialized relationships with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values. Even neighbors are "strangers" who perceive that they have little in common with one another.

Accepted Answer

Tonnies' theory contrasted Gesellschaft, characterized by impersonal relationships, with Gemeinschaft, which was a society based on strong, personal ties and a shared sense of identity. Industrial cities were often seen as emblematic of Gesellschaft due to their specialization, fragmented social structure, and transient populations. This stands in contrast to smaller, rural communities, which were often seen as exemplars of Gemeinschaft.

Question 2

Several major theories have been developed in an attempt to explain international migration. The __________ assumes that migration patterns occur based on geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor.

Accepted Answer

The neoclassical economic approach assumes that international migration patterns occur due to geographical differences in the supply and demand for labor. This suggests that individuals from countries with low wages and high unemployment will move to countries with high wages and low unemployment. This theory focuses on the economic benefits of migration for both the home and host countries.

Question 3

According to urban sociologists, a __________ is a relatively dense and permanent settlement of people who secure their livelihood primarily through nonagricultural activities.

Accepted Answer

Urban sociologists define a city as a relatively dense and permanent settlement of people who earn their livelihood primarily through nonagricultural activities. This definition distinguishes a city from rural areas, where agriculture is often the dominant economic activity. Metropolitan areas and townships may be considered types of cities, but they do not match the definition as closely as the option of "city" by itself. A territory, on the other hand, does not necessarily refer to a settlement of people and is not specific enough to fit the definition provided.

Question 4

The __________ emphasizes the part the entire family plays in the migration process. By having a diversity of family income (originating from more than one source), the family is cushioned from the economic woes of the nation that most of the family members think of as "home."

Accepted Answer

The new households economies of migration approach focuses on the role of the family as a unit in the migration process. It recognizes that different family members may contribute different levels and types of income, and that this diversity helps to mitigate the economic risks associated with migration.

Question 5

During the demographic transition stage of __________, very little population growth occurs because both birth rates and death rates are low. The birth rate declines as couples control their fertility through contraceptives and become less likely to adhere to religious directives against their use.

Accepted Answer

The demographic transition model suggests that as societies move from preindustrial to industrialized, urbanized societies, there is a decline in birth and death rates. This decline in birth rates is often associated with increased access to contraceptives, as well as changing cultural attitudes towards large families. The stage in which birth and death rates are both low is typically associated with advanced industrialization and urbanization.

Question 6

__________ is a subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in the city.

Accepted Answer

Urban sociology is the subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in the city. Metropolitan sociology, civic sociology, and municipal sociology are not defined subfields of sociology.

Question 7

______ framing by the TV industry describes immigrants as nothing more than cheap labor that benefits employers.

Accepted Answer

Negative framing portrays immigrants in a way that emphasizes their perceived drawbacks, such as being cheap labor, rather than their contributions or humanity.

Question 8

The largest preindustrial city was __________.

Accepted Answer

Rome, at its peak, was the largest preindustrial city with estimates of its population reaching over 1 million people by the first century BCE. Other cities like Athens, Babylon, and Jericho, while significant in their own right, did not reach the population size or urban sprawl of ancient Rome during the same period.

Question 9

According to sociologist Gideon Sjoberg, three preconditions must be present in order for A city to develop. Which of the following is not a precondition cited in order for a city to Develop?

Accepted Answer

Sjoberg's preconditions for a city to develop are a favorable physical environment, an advanced technology, and a well-developed social organization. A wall around the city for protection is not specified as one of the preconditions.

Question 10

During the demographic transition stage of __________, birth rates continue to decline as more women gain full-time employment and the cost of raising children continues to increase. The population grows very slowly, if at all, because the decrease in birth rates is coupled with a stable death rate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the demographic transition stage of __________,...

Question 11

During the demographic transition stage of __________, significant population growth occurs because birth rates are relatively high whereas death rates decline. Improvements in health, sanitation, and nutrition produce a substantial decline in infant mortality rates. Overpopulation is likely to occur because more people are alive than the society has the ability to support.

Accepted Answer

The demographic transition stage described in the question is the second stage of the transition, which occurs during early industrialization. During this stage, death rates decline due to improved health, sanitation, and nutrition, while birth rates remain high. This leads to a significant increase in population growth and the potential for overpopulation.

Question 12

Known as the __________, this approach suggests that after flows of migration commence, the pattern may continue because potential migrants have personal ties with relatives and friends who now live in the country of destination and can serve as a source of stability when the potential migrants relocate to the new country.

Accepted Answer

The approach described in the question is known as network theory, which emphasizes the role of social networks in facilitating and sustaining migration flows. Option A (world systems theory) focuses on global economic disparities, Option B (institutional theory) emphasizes the role of formal rules and institutions, and Option C (neoclassical economic approach) highlights individual decision-making based on rational calculations of benefits and costs. None of these theories directly address the role of personal ties in migration.

Question 13

According to sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies, many preindustrial cities could be described as being __________, which is a society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability, such that people have a commitment to the entire group and feel a sense of togetherness.

Accepted Answer

Ferdinand Tonnies coined the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to describe the two types of society. Gemeinschaft refers to a society characterized by personal bonds and a sense of community, while Gesellschaft refers to a society characterized by impersonal relationships and individualism.

Question 14

__________ views migration as linked to the problems caused by capitalist development around the world. As the natural resources, land, and work force in low-income countries with little or no industrialization have come under the influence of international markets, there has been a corresponding flow of migrants from those nations to the highly industrialized, high-income countries.

Accepted Answer

World Systems theory views migration as a consequence of globalization and capitalist development, as low-income countries become integrated into the global economy and their resources are exploited by high-income countries. This leads to a migration of workers from the low-income to high-income countries in search of better economic opportunities.

Question 15

Based on his preconditions for the development of cities, sociologist Gideon Sjoberg places the first cities in __________.

Accepted Answer

Gideon Sjoberg's preconditions for the development of cities, including the availability of food surplus, specialization of labor, and development of social stratification, were present in the Middle Eastern region of Mesopotamia. Therefore, the first cities were likely to have emerged in this area.

Question 16

Many preindustrial cities had a sense of __________, which is a set of social relationships operating within given spatial boundaries or locations that provides people with a sense of identity and a feeling of belonging.

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the question is that of a "community". A community is a group of people who share common interests, values, and goals, and who are united by a sense of belonging or shared identity. Many preindustrial cities were characterized by strong communities, in which individuals had deep social ties and a strong sense of connection to their neighbors and neighborhoods.

Question 17

A newspaper article portrays recent immigrants sending money back home to their relatives. This is an example of __________ framing by the media.

Accepted Answer

The media is portraying the immigrants in a sympathetic light, highlighting their willingness to help support their families back home, which can be seen as a positive aspect of immigration. This framing suggests that these immigrants are diligent and hard working, and it can help to combat negative stereotypes often associated with immigration.

Question 18

The __________ suggests that migration may be fostered by groups, such as humanitarian aid organizations relocating refugees or smugglers bringing people into a country illegally, and that the actions of these groups may produce a larger stream of migrants than would otherwise be the case.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The __________ suggests that migration may be...

Question 19

Preindustrial cities were limited in size by a number of factors. Which of the following factors was not identified as limiting the size of preindustrial cities?

Accepted Answer

While crowded housing conditions and limited food supplies, as well as difficulty in migration to cities, were factors that limited the size of preindustrial cities, the lack of a sense of community was not identified as a limiting factor. In fact, preindustrial cities were characterized by strong community ties and social structures.

Question 20

A conflict perspective on migration, the __________ suggests that immigrants from low-income countries are often recruited for secondary-labor market positions, dead-end jobs with low wages, unstable employment, and sometimes hazardous working conditions.

Accepted Answer

The split-labor market theory highlights the role played by employers in creating and exploiting divisions among workers on the basis of race, ethnicity, and nationality. According to this theory, employers often recruit immigrants from low-income countries to fill secondary-labor market positions, which are characterized by low wages, unstable employment, and hazardous working conditions. This leads to a stratification of the labor market, with native-born workers and long-term immigrants competing for higher-paying jobs, while recent immigrants are relegated to dead-end, low-wage positions.

Quiz 15: Population and Urbanization.