Question 1

The first theories about psychopathology emphasized _______ causes.

Accepted Answer

The first theories about psychopathology, which date back to ancient times, primarily emphasized biological causes. Early explanations often attributed mental disorders to physical imbalances or dysfunctions.

Question 2

Although today psychologists use the term "participant" for people taking part in a psychological study, the initial term "subject" was introduced to psychology by:

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

The first mental test that was actually worked and was practical was devised by:

Accepted Answer

The first mental test that was actually worked and was practical was devised by Alfred Binet. He devised the Binet-Simon scale, which was later revised and became known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.

Question 4

The country in which psychology established itself primarily in connection with the study of psychopathology was:

Accepted Answer

France was the country where psychology established itself primarily in connection with the study of psychopathology, largely due to the work of French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot and his focus on hysteria and hypnosis.

Question 5

A spokesman for the French Salpetriere school was Jean Martin Charcot. He believed that the hypnotic trance:

Accepted Answer

Jean Martin Charcot believed that the hypnotic trance indicated a pathological nervous system and the person was prone to hysteria. He used hypnosis in his treatment of hysterical patients and believed that the trance-like state revealed the underlying psychological disturbances causing the symptoms. He did not believe that everyone could enter this altered mental state, but rather that it was specific to individuals with a certain vulnerability to hysteria.

Question 6

The country in which psychology established itself primarily in connection with the study of mental testing, for example, the statistical aggregation of measurable differences between minds (animal and human) was :

Accepted Answer

Great Britain is where psychology established itself primarily in connection with the study of mental testing, focusing on the statistical aggregation of measurable differences between minds. This approach was notably influenced by the work of Sir Francis Galton, among others, who were pioneers in the field of psychometrics and differential psychology.

Question 7

Toward the end of the 18^th century, treatment of the insane in mental hospitals was revolutionized by the institution of "moral therapy," which involved:

Accepted Answer

Moral therapy involved creating a structured and caring environment for patients in the asylum. Treatment involved creating opportunities for social interaction, educational activities, and meaningful work. This approach was a significant departure from the restraints and harsh conditions that previously existed in mental hospitals. It was based on the idea that the most effective approach to treating mental illness was through compassionate care, rather than punishment or confinement.

Question 8

The modern term "subject" that psychologists use to designate the people they study developed originally in:

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

In the year 1860, ___________ was published.

Accepted Answer

Fechner's Elements of psychophysics was published in 1860.

Question 10

How did the Romantics conception of the mind differ from that of the Enlightenment's "Newton's of the mind"? According to the Romantics is society grown or made? (explain).

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

Discuss how mesmerism and the psychical research movements both attempted to "naturalize the supernatural".

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Summarize Comte and Mach's ideas of "Positivism" and describe their influence on psychology.

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

Explain how Gall's psychology is behavioristic rather than introspectionistic and why it is objective rather than subjective?

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

Explain what the author of the text means when he states that Gall's conception of psychology pointed in two directions, one scientific and one pseudo-scientific. How did Flourens attempt to refute Gall? What is wrong with Flourens's reasoning?

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

What is Mental Chronometry and what contribution did astronomy make to the development of psychology?

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

Following Kant, philosophers tended to assume that the mind could not be subjected to experiment or quantified in mathematical terms. Describe how the Physicist Gustave Fechner showed these assumptions to be uncorrect. Why is Fechner considered to be the founder of experimental psychology but NOT as is Wundt the founder of the science of psychology?

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

Describe the contributions of Galton and Binet to the development of intelligence tests. What influence did mental testing have on psychology?

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

Discuss the goals of the field of Psychiatry as it was created by The Enlightenment Project. Describe the intent of moral therapy and explain how it differed from the way the "mentally ill" had been treated in the past. What were the early theoretical orientations in psychiatry and neurology toward "madness" and toward people with hysteria? How did French psychologists look at hypnotism?

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 7: The Ascent of Science 1815-1914