Question 1

Which of the following items is a famous explicit measure of self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

The Rosenberg's 10-item scale is a well-known and widely used explicit measure of self-esteem, asking participants to rate their level of agreement with statements such as "I feel that I am a person of worth, at least on an equal basis with others." The other options listed measure related constructs such as implicit biases (IAT), social anxiety (Leary's sociometer questionnaire), and general attitudes (Likert scale), but are not explicitly focused on measuring self-esteem.

Question 2

What is one of the main problems of explicit measures of self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Explicit measures of self-esteem rely on people accurately assessing and reporting their own feelings of self-worth. However, research has shown that people don't always have accurate introspective access, making it difficult to obtain precise and reliable data through explicit measures alone.

Question 3

The implicit association test:

Accepted Answer

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) can be adapted to measure various implicit attitudes and biases, including self-esteem, by assessing the strength of associations between concepts (e.g., self vs. others) and evaluations (e.g., good vs. bad).

Question 4

__________ is the desire to maintain, protect, and improve one's self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

Self-enhancement refers to the desire to maintain, protect, and improve one's self-esteem. This can include behaviors like emphasizing one's positive qualities and achievements while downplaying or ignoring negative qualities or experiences.

Question 5

The ________ theory is based on the assumption that, because human beings are intelligent creatures, we are all painfully aware of our own mortality.

Accepted Answer

The statement mentions the assumption that humans are aware of their mortality, which aligns with the central idea of Terror Management Theory (TMT). TMT suggests that our awareness of mortality creates an intense fear or "terror," which we manage by constructing beliefs and values that provide us with a sense of meaning and purpose in life. Option A and D are too specific and don't encapsulate the broader perspective of TMT, while option B is not a recognized theory in the field.

Question 6

According to Leary and colleagues (1995), self-esteem acts as a(n):

Accepted Answer

Leary and colleagues (1995) propose that self-esteem functions as a sociometer, which is an internal monitor of social acceptance and rejection. This means that our self-esteem is influenced by how we perceive we are being perceived by others, and serves as an indicator of our social status and acceptance in the group. In this sense, self-esteem does not act as a protective layer or social bearings, nor does it directly buffer anxiety.

Question 7

_________ is a transient state of self-focus that occurs in particular situations, but also a general ability to distinguish ourselves from the external environment.

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness refers to the ability to recognize oneself as a separate entity from the external environment, which is a distinguishing feature of human cognition. Self-consciousness refers to a more specific and temporary state of self-focus, often associated with performance or appearance in social situations. Self-assessment relates to evaluating one's own abilities, qualities, or achievements. Self-esteem refers to overall subjective evaluation of one's worth or value as a person.

Question 8

The capacity of self-awareness is thought to develop around the age of:

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the capacity of self-awareness begins to develop around 18 months of age. This is the time when children start to recognize themselves in a mirror and display behaviors that indicate a sense of self, such as pointing to themselves when referred to by name. While some indications of self-awareness may appear earlier, such as responding to their own name or recognizing familiar faces, it is around 18 months that children begin to develop a more sophisticated sense of self.

Question 9

What is the rouge test?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the rouge test?...

Question 10

How is the tendency for chronic self-awareness called?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How is the tendency for chronic self-awareness...

Question 11

In empirical research, what situational factors can prompt and/or increase self-awareness?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In empirical research, what situational factors can...

Question 12

A distinction can be made between ________ self-awareness, in which attention is directed at personal and inward aspects of the self, and __________ self-awareness, in which attention is directed at external aspects of the self as they appear to others.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A distinction can be made between ________...

Question 13

In the presence of a mirror people have a high sense of _________ self-awareness and may adjust their behaviour in line with __________ norms.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the presence of a mirror people...

Question 14

Social __________ refers to the way in which we process social information to form impressions of and make judgements about others.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social __________ refers to the way in...

Question 15

Social inferences based on heuristics consist of a careful and systematic processing of social information.

Accepted Answer

Social inferences based on heuristics involve quick and effortless processing of social information, relying on mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" rather than careful and systematic analysis.

Question 16

The processing of social information based on heuristics is fast and automatic.

Accepted Answer

Heuristics are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that we use to make quick judgments or decisions. They operate automatically and unconsciously, allowing us to process social information rapidly without investing too much cognitive effort. However, heuristics can also be prone to errors and biases, as they may oversimplify complex situations or neglect relevant information.

Question 17

The phrase 'motivated scientist' has been used to describe how people systematically assemble information to form impressions and make judgements.

Accepted Answer

The phrase 'motivated scientist' is not typically used to describe how people form impressions and make judgements. It is often used to describe individuals who are driven to pursue scientific research and discovery.

Question 18

Discuss how people can be described as 'naïve scientists', 'cognitive misers', and 'motivated tacticians' in the context of social inference.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss how people can be described as...

Question 19

People do not always have the time and mental capacity to make social inferences based on systematic and careful evaluations of social information. Therefore, people act as ____________ and use mental shortcuts.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive misers refer to the idea that people conserve mental effort by using mental shortcuts or heuristics to arrive at judgments and decisions without thorough evaluation of information. They rely on quick and easy methods of judging situations and people based on limited information.

Question 20

__________ are quick and experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery that give a solution not guaranteed to be optimal.

Accepted Answer

Heuristics are quick problem-solving techniques that bypass logical reasoning and instead rely on general rules of thumb or past experiences to arrive at a solution. While heuristics can sometimes lead to efficient and effective problem solving, they are not foolproof and can sometimes result in errors or suboptimal solutions. Schemas and scripts are related concepts that describe mental frameworks or templates for understanding and performing certain tasks or situations. Biases refer to systematic errors or deviations from rational decision-making processes.

Quiz 18: Social Cognition and Attitudes