Question 1

__________ identified six innate and universal emotions.

Accepted Answer

Ekman identified six innate and universal emotions which are anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

Question 2

The __________ emotions theory suggests that there are several innate emotional responses that are expressed and recognized universally.

Accepted Answer

The discrete emotions theory proposes that there are a small number of basic emotional states that are recognized and expressed universally, regardless of culture or individual experience. It suggests that these emotions have a biological basis and are distinct from one another.

Question 3

In line with the social learning theory, Haviland and Lelwica (1987) found that when mothers displayed an angry or sad face, their 10-week-old infants:

Accepted Answer

According to the social learning theory, infants learn through modeling the behavior of those around them. In this case, when the mother displayed an angry or sad face, the infants would adopt the appropriate matching facial expression, indicating that they were learning to mimic the emotional expressions of their mother. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 4

The discrete emotions theory underestimates the role of _________ in the emergence of emotions.

Accepted Answer

The discrete emotions theory proposes that basic emotions are innate and universal. However, it fails to acknowledge the crucial role of contextual factors in shaping and triggering emotional experiences. Therefore, B (context) is the best choice as it highlights the importance of environmental factors in the emergence of emotions. While genes (A) and temperament (D) may also have a role in emotion formation, they are not as relevant to this specific critique of the discrete emotions theory. The option C (nature) is too broad to be a suitable choice.

Question 5

What approach to emotion emphasizes the way in which emotions serve as a mean of working towards relational goals?

Accepted Answer

The functionalist approach to emotions emphasizes the way in which emotions serve as a means of working towards relational goals. This approach suggests that emotions are not just the result of internal processes, but are also shaped by social and cultural contexts, and serve important social functions such as promoting social bonding and regulating social behavior.

Question 6

According to a functionalist approach, the emotion of fear:

Accepted Answer

According to a functionalist approach, fear is a response that is linked with a series of action tendencies which enable individuals to escape from dangerous situations. This means that fear is considered to be an adaptive response that helps individuals respond to potential threats and protect themselves.

Question 7

The ___________ posits a complex interplay between children's developing brain, their bodily sensations and experiences, and social-environmental factors.

Accepted Answer

The dynamic systems perspective explains how children's developing brain, bodily sensations and experiences, and social-environmental factors interact in a complex way to shape their emotions and behavior. The functionalist approach focuses more on how emotions serve a specific function, while the social learning theory emphasizes how children learn emotions through observation and reinforcement. The discrete emotions theory posits that there are discrete, universal emotions that are hardwired in children from birth.

Question 8

Which of the following emotions is not one of the six basic emotions proposed by Paul Ekman?

Accepted Answer

Paul Ekman's six basic emotions are anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Shame is not one of the six basic emotions.

Question 9

Which of the following adjectives can be associated to the description of emotions according to the discrete emotions theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following adjectives can be...

Question 10

During the first few months of infancy, infants' expressions of emotion tend to appropriately _________ the expressions displayed by their caregivers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the first few months of infancy,...

Question 11

__________ is the first recognizable emotional expression to appear, initially in the form of __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ is the first recognizable emotional expression...

Question 12

What are the two global arousal states observable in early infancy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the two global arousal states...

Question 13

When do the first 'social smiles' appear in infancy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When do the first 'social smiles' appear...

Question 14

What is the first response of an infant to unpleasant stimuli and situations?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the first response of an...

Question 15

The first recognizable emotional expression to appear is anger.

Accepted Answer

The first recognizable emotional expression to appear is actually disgust, followed by interest, then joy and sadness. Anger typically appears later in development.

Question 16

Stanger anxiety cannot be observed before the age of 1 year.

Accepted Answer

Stranger anxiety can be observed in infants as young as 6 months old.

Question 17

When do infants begin to laugh?

Accepted Answer

Infants typically begin to laugh between 3-4 months of age as their brains develop and they become more aware of their surroundings. While some infants may smile or make cooing sounds from birth or within the first few weeks of life, laughing is a more complex response that usually emerges later. By 12 months, most infants are able to laugh in response to social cues and playful interactions.

Question 18

When do the first 'social smiles' appear in infancy?

Accepted Answer

Social smiles typically appear by 6-10 weeks of age in infancy, as infants begin to respond to social interactions.

Question 19

When do infants start to show signs of fear towards strangers?

Accepted Answer

Around 6 months, infants begin to develop a fear of strangers or unfamiliar people, often referred to as stranger anxiety. This is a normal developmental milestone as they become more aware of their surroundings and begin to differentiate familiar faces from unfamiliar ones.

Question 20

The emergence of stranger anxiety in infants coincides with:

Accepted Answer

Stranger anxiety has been linked to the development of close attachment relations with caregivers. As infants begin to form these attachments, they become more aware of who their primary caregivers are and can become fearful or anxious around strangers. Non-parental child care, Theory of Mind, and self-conscious emotions are not directly linked to the emergence of stranger anxiety in infants.

Quiz 17: Social Development

__________ identified six innate and universal emotions.

The __________ emotions theory suggests that there are several innate emotional responses that are expressed and recognized universally.

In line with the social learning theory, Haviland and Lelwica (1987) found that when mothers displayed an angry or sad face, their 10-week-old infants:

The discrete emotions theory underestimates the role of _________ in the emergence of emotions.

What approach to emotion emphasizes the way in which emotions serve as a mean of working towards relational goals?

According to a functionalist approach, the emotion of fear:

The ___________ posits a complex interplay between children's developing brain, their bodily sensations and experiences, and social-environmental factors.

Which of the following emotions is not one of the six basic emotions proposed by Paul Ekman?

Which of the following adjectives can be associated to the description of emotions according to the discrete emotions theory?

During the first few months of infancy, infants' expressions of emotion tend to appropriately _________ the expressions displayed by their caregivers.

is the first recognizable emotional expression to appear, initially in the form of .

What are the two global arousal states observable in early infancy?

When do the first 'social smiles' appear in infancy?

What is the first response of an infant to unpleasant stimuli and situations?

The first recognizable emotional expression to appear is anger.

Stanger anxiety cannot be observed before the age of 1 year.

When do infants begin to laugh?

When do the first 'social smiles' appear in infancy?

When do infants start to show signs of fear towards strangers?

The emergence of stranger anxiety in infants coincides with: