Question 1

Steroid hormones used to build muscle mass are related to _______, whereas steroid hormones used as anti-inflammatory drugs are related to ____________.
A) Epinephrine; thyroxin
B) Testosterone; corticosteroids
C) Cortisol; aldosterone
D) Vitamin D; vitamin A
E) IGF-1; HGH

Accepted Answer

Testosterone is a steroid hormone that promotes muscle growth and is often used illegally by athletes to enhance performance. Corticosteroids, on the other hand, are steroid hormones used as anti-inflammatory drugs and include drugs like prednisone and hydrocortisone.

Question 2

Anabolic steroids are used legally for which disease or condition?
A) Hypogonadism
B) Breast cancer
C) Angioneurotic edema
D) AIDS-related cachexia (wasting disease)
E) All the above

Accepted Answer

Anabolic steroids are legally used for all the listed conditions: hypogonadism, breast cancer, angioneurotic edema, and AIDS-related cachexia, as they can help stimulate muscle growth and appetite.

Question 3

How do anabolic steroids work?
A) By binding an intracellular receptor that then binds and regulates DNA
B) By activating a calcium channel in the cell membrane
C) By binding a cell surface receptor that increases cellular levels of cyclic AMP
D) By entering mitochondria and activating ATP synthesis
E) By interacting directly with ribosomes to increase the synthesis of muscle proteins

Accepted Answer

Anabolic steroids work by binding an intracellular receptor that then binds and regulates DNA, leading to increased protein synthesis and muscle growth. This is known as the genomic pathway of steroid hormone action. Other options listed (B, C, D, and E) are not mechanisms by which anabolic steroids work.

Question 4

Secondary effects of anabolic steroid use include which of the following?
A) Hepatotoxicity
B) Left ventricular hypertrophy
C) Poor HDL and LD ratios
D) Problems with sex drive and aggression
E) All the above

Accepted Answer

Anabolic steroid use causes a variety of secondary effects, including hepatotoxicity, left ventricular hypertrophy, poor HDL and LDL ratios, and problems with sex drive and aggression.

Question 5

What is HGH (human growth hormone)?
A) Steroid related to testosterone
B) Calcium agonist
C) Catecholamine
D) Peptide hormone
E) Hormone that becomes active following renin treatment

Accepted Answer

HGH is a peptide hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It plays a role in promoting growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration in humans.

Question 6

Growth hormone causes __________, whereas anabolic steroid hormones cause _________.
A) Inflammation; feminization
B) Hyperlipidemia; dyslipidemia
C) Hyperplasia; hypertrophy
D) Hyperactivity; plasticity
E) Cancer; infertility

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone causes hyperplasia, which is an increase in the number of cells, while anabolic steroid hormones cause hypertrophy, which is an increase in cell size. The other answer choices are not related to the actions of growth hormone or anabolic steroids.

Question 7

The first successful blood doping experiment confirmed which principle?
A) Exercise capacity is dependent, in part, on oxygen utilization.
B) Exercise capacity is dependent, in part, on oxygen delivery.
C) Catecholamine response is essential in exercise performance.
D) Training increases the microvasculature to skeletal muscle.
E) ATP production can be independent of oxygen content during anaerobic metabolism.

Accepted Answer

Blood doping involves increasing the number of red blood cells in the body, which enhances oxygen delivery to the muscles during exercise. Therefore, the first successful blood doping experiment confirmed that exercise capacity is dependent, in part, on oxygen delivery.

Question 8

When cells in the kidney sense low oxygen levels, what happens?
A) They increase erythropoietin production.
B) They decrease erythropoietin production.
C) They become hypersensitive to adrenaline.
D) They activate pathways to make more ATP.
E) They increase blood flow to the lungs.

Accepted Answer

When cells in the kidney sense low oxygen levels, they increase erythropoietin production. Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. Therefore, a decrease in oxygen levels triggers the kidneys to produce more erythropoietin to increase the number of red blood cells and improve oxygen delivery.

Question 9

PES can only increase muscle mass and its oxygen-utilizing capacity, and they do little to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Accepted Answer

Performance-enhancing substances (PES) can include erythropoietin (EPO) and blood doping methods, which specifically aim to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, in addition to other substances that increase muscle mass and its oxygen-utilizing capacity.

Question 10

There are two classes of testosterone analogues, those that promote tissue building and those that are masculinizing.

Accepted Answer

Testosterone analogues, also known as anabolic-androgenic steroids, simultaneously promote tissue building (anabolic effects) and masculinizing (androgenic effects); they are not classified into separate classes based on these effects.

Question 11

Males that take high doses of testosterone can end up with elevated levels of estrogen and breast enlargement.

Accepted Answer

Testosterone can convert into estrogen through a process called aromatization, and high levels of testosterone can result in high levels of estrogen. This can lead to breast enlargement in males.

Question 12

Research on the ergogenic properties of anabolic steroids is constrained because the large doses taken by athletes and bodybuilders cannot be reproduced in the lab due to ethical considerations.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. It is not ethical to administer the large doses of anabolic steroids that athletes and bodybuilders take, in a laboratory setting for research purposes.

Question 13

Anabolic steroids can increase muscle size even without resistance training.

Accepted Answer

Anabolic steroids can increase muscle size even without resistance training, although the effects are much greater when combined with resistance training.

Question 14

HGH use has escalated as determined by the increase in the number of positive urine tests at the Olympics.

Accepted Answer

HGH (Human Growth Hormone) cannot be detected through urine tests; it requires a blood test for detection. The increase in positive tests at the Olympics for doping does not specifically correlate to HGH use based on urine tests alone.

Question 15

Certain resistance exercise protocols can increase the release of HGH, even in older males.

Accepted Answer

Resistance exercise can increase the release of growth hormone, even in older males. This has been demonstrated in numerous studies, which have found that resistance training can lead to increased levels of HGH both immediately after exercise and in the long-term. This is one reason why resistance training is often recommended as part of an anti-aging or longevity program.

Question 16

Growth hormone levels increase as we age and contribute to the age-related increase in cancer.

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone levels actually decrease as we age, and this decrease is associated with aging processes, not an increase in cancer risk due to higher growth hormone levels.

Question 17

Training at high altitudes increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, as the person adjusts to the lower oxygen levels in the atmosphere.

Accepted Answer

When training at high altitudes, the body adapts to the lower oxygen levels by producing more red blood cells, which increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

Question 18

Erythropoietin increases the survival rate of reticulocytes, allowing the number of mature erythrocytes to increase.

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin stimulates the production of red blood cells, including reticulocytes, and can increase their survival. This results in an increase in the number of mature erythrocytes in the bloodstream.

Question 19

Once a urine test was developed that could detect the recombinant (drug form) of erythropoietin, samples from a previous race could be tested to determine how many competitors were cheating.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Once the urine test for recombinant erythropoietin was developed, samples from previous races could be tested to detect any competitors who had used the drug form of erythropoietin to cheat.

Question 20

Improved oxygen delivery keeps muscles from depending on anaerobic metabolism, decrease the buildup of lactate, and could be glycogen sparing.

Accepted Answer

Improved oxygen delivery allows for aerobic metabolism to occur, which reduces the reliance on anaerobic metabolism and ultimately decreases the buildup of lactate. This can also have a glycogen-sparing effect, as aerobic metabolism is more efficient at utilizing fuel sources such as glucose and glycogen.

Quiz 16: Performance Enhancing Substances

Steroid hormones used to build muscle mass are related to _, whereas steroid hormones used as anti-inflammatory drugs are related to ______.

Anabolic steroids are used legally for which disease or condition?

How do anabolic steroids work?

Secondary effects of anabolic steroid use include which of the following?

What is HGH (human growth hormone) ?

Growth hormone causes __, whereas anabolic steroid hormones cause _.

The first successful blood doping experiment confirmed which principle?

When cells in the kidney sense low oxygen levels, what happens?