Question 1

Which of the following is the study of how the nervous system controls movement?
A) Motor control
B) Motor learning
C) Motor psychology
D) Neurophysiology

Accepted Answer

Motor control is the study of how the nervous system controls movement, including the processes involved in planning, executing, and modifying movement. Motor learning, on the other hand, examines how the brain acquires and retains skills through practice and experience. Motor psychology is a less common term that refers to the intersection of motor control and cognitive psychology. Neurophysiology is the study of the function of the nervous system, including the interactions between neurons and how they generate and transmit signals. While neurophysiology is related to motor control, it is a broader field that encompasses many other aspects of nervous system function.

Question 2

Claudius Galen proposed that muscles contract due to the flow of ______ ("animal spirits") down the nerves.
A) electricity
B) blood cells
C) fluid
D) lymph

Accepted Answer

Claudius Galen believed that the flow of fluid, specifically "animal spirits," was responsible for muscle contractions, rather than electricity, blood cells, or lymph.

Question 3

Who was the first person to demonstrate the existence of "animal electricity"?
A) Rene Descartes
B) Hippocrates
C) Franz Josef Gall
D) Luigi Galvani

Accepted Answer

Luigi Galvani was the first person to demonstrate the existence of "animal electricity" through his experiments with frog muscles.

Question 4

What are nerves?
A) Water channels
B) Electrical conductors
C) Blood vessels
D) Filled with "animal spirits"

Accepted Answer

Nerves are electrical conductors that transmit signals between the brain, organs, and different parts of the body.

Question 5

Who was the first person to find evidence for cerebral localization?
A) Erisistratus
B) Giovanni Aldini
C) Franz Josef Gall
D) Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens

Accepted Answer

Franz Josef Gall was the first person to propose the theory of cerebral localization in the late 18th century. He believed that different functions of the brain were localized in specific areas and that the size of these areas could be correlated with the strength of the corresponding function. However, his specific theories about the locations of particular functions have been largely discredited.

Question 6

When did Richard A. Schmidt establish the Journal of Motor Behavior?
A) 1889
B) 1922
C) 1945
D) 1969

Accepted Answer

Richard A. Schmidt established the Journal of Motor Behavior in 1969.

Question 7

Jack Adams is known for developing which of the following?
A) Open-loop theory of motor learning
B) Closed-loop theory of motor learning
C) Schema theory of discrete motor skill learning
D) Dynamic pattern theory

Accepted Answer

Jack Adams is known for developing the closed-loop theory of motor learning, which states that motor skills are learned through the use of feedback and error correction during practice.

Question 8

What can an individual do during a task?
A) Receive and code sensory information
B) Store information and commit it to memory
C) Respond to a stimulus
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

An individual can receive and code sensory information during a task, store information and commit it to memory, and respond to a stimulus. Therefore, all the options are applicable.

Question 9

Which of the following is the area of the brain responsible for the regulation of coordination and the control of fine movements?
A) Basal ganglia
B) Thalamus
C) Cortex
D) Cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum is responsible for the regulation of coordination and the control of fine movements, as well as balance and posture. The basal ganglia are involved in the regulation of motor control and movement, but not specifically fine motor control. The thalamus is involved in sensory processing and relaying information to and from the cortex. The cortex is involved in higher-order thinking and sensory processing, but not specifically motor control.

Question 10

The somatosensory cortex is involved in which of the following?
A) Movement initiation
B) Coordination and fine control of movements
C) Planning movement
D) Processing sensory information

Accepted Answer

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing sensory information from the body, including touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. It does not directly control movements or planning of movements.

Question 11

The "upper" level of the neuromuscular system includes which of the following?
A) Muscles and tendons
B) Spinal cord
C) Cortex and basal ganglia
D) Peripheral nerves

Accepted Answer

The upper level of the neuromuscular system includes the cortex and basal ganglia, which are responsible for higher level motor planning and execution. Muscles and tendons belong to the lower level, as they are the effectors of movement. The spinal cord belongs to the intermediate level, as it acts as a relay between the upper and lower levels. Peripheral nerves serve as connectors between the neuromuscular system and the rest of the body.

Question 12

Sensory information from a muscle is carried to the spinal cord on _____.
A) Ia afferent fibers from the muscle spindle
B) alpha motor neurons
C) intrafusal muscle fibers
D) the pyramidal tract

Accepted Answer

Sensory information from a muscle is carried to the spinal cord through Ia afferent fibers from the muscle spindle, which are specialized receptors within the muscle that detect changes in muscle length and the rate of change in length.

Question 13

What is the name of a source of feedback that indicates errors in the learner's movement pattern?
A) Error feedback
B) Knowledge of mistakes
C) Knowledge of performance
D) Knowledge of results

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the name of a source...

Question 14

What type of practice did Schmidt recommend for strengthening the recall and recognition schemas?
A) Random practice
B) Variable practice
C) Constant practice
D) Blocked practice

Accepted Answer

Schmidt recommended variable practice, where learners perform variations of a skill in a random order. This type of practice strengthens the recall and recognition schemas, as learners have to use their knowledge to apply the skill in different contexts or situations. It helps learners better transfer the skill to novel situations and improves their ability to adapt their performance.

Question 15

Researchers are presently trying to find out how we use information from the environment to plan and adjust our movements. What is this called?
A) The serial order problem
B) The degrees of freedom problem
C) The perceptual-motor integration problem
D) The coordination pattern problem

Accepted Answer

The problem of using available perceptual information to plan and adjust our movements is known as the perceptual-motor integration problem. The other options deal with different aspects of movement control and coordination.

Question 16

The area of study that is concerned with how we acquire and retain motor skills is called motor control.

Accepted Answer

The area of study concerned with how we acquire and retain motor skills is called motor learning, while motor control focuses on understanding the mechanisms by which the nervous system coordinates the body's movements.

Question 17

Animal spirits flowing through nerves to muscle is the cause of muscle contraction.

Accepted Answer

Muscle contraction is caused by the interaction between actin and myosin filaments within the muscle cells, triggered by electrical impulses from the nervous system, not by "animal spirits."

Question 18

Franz Josef Gall studied the relationship between the extent of cranial development and the extent of development of different abilities.

Accepted Answer

Franz Josef Gall is known for his theory of phrenology, which studied the relationship between cranial development (specifically the size and shape of different regions of the brain) and mental abilities such as language, artistic ability, and moral character. However, his theories have been discredited by modern neuroscience.

Question 19

Specific cortical regions control specific body functions.

Accepted Answer

Various cortical regions in the brain are specialized to control specific body functions, such as motor function, sensation, language, and vision. For example, the motor cortex in the frontal lobe controls voluntary movement, while the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe processes tactile information from the body.

Question 20

Money available for research in motor learning was greatly reduced during and immediately following World War II.

Accepted Answer

During and immediately following World War II, there was actually an increase in money available for research in motor learning, largely due to the military's interest in training and rehabilitation for soldiers.

Quiz 10: Motor Control and Motor Learning

Which of the following is the study of how the nervous system controls movement?

Claudius Galen proposed that muscles contract due to the flow of ______ ("animal spirits") down the nerves.

Who was the first person to demonstrate the existence of "animal electricity"?

What are nerves?

Who was the first person to find evidence for cerebral localization?

When did Richard A. Schmidt establish the Journal of Motor Behavior?

Jack Adams is known for developing which of the following?

What can an individual do during a task?

Which of the following is the area of the brain responsible for the regulation of coordination and the control of fine movements?

The somatosensory cortex is involved in which of the following?

The "upper" level of the neuromuscular system includes which of the following?

Sensory information from a muscle is carried to the spinal cord on _____.

What is the name of a source of feedback that indicates errors in the learner's movement pattern?

What type of practice did Schmidt recommend for strengthening the recall and recognition schemas?

Researchers are presently trying to find out how we use information from the environment to plan and adjust our movements. What is this called?

The area of study that is concerned with how we acquire and retain motor skills is called motor control.

Animal spirits flowing through nerves to muscle is the cause of muscle contraction.

Franz Josef Gall studied the relationship between the extent of cranial development and the extent of development of different abilities.

Specific cortical regions control specific body functions.

Money available for research in motor learning was greatly reduced during and immediately following World War II.